Unit-7-Beauty

Unit7BeautybySusanSontag詹慧璇黄靖雅陈馥仪张佳欣SusanSontag：anAmericanwriteraninfluentialcriticabisexual•SusanSontag•(January16,1933–December28,2004)•Afeminist;Afilmmaker;Anintellectual.•Asawriter--Noteson'Camp',OnPhotography,论摄影AgainstInterpretation,反对阐释StylesofRadicalWill,激进意志的风格TheWayWeLiveNow,AidsandItsMetaphors,艾滋病及其隐喻•Asacritic--•1.Thewhiteraceisthecancerofhumanhistory;itisthewhiteraceanditalone—itsideologiesandinventions—whicheradicatesautonomouscivilizationswhereveritspreads,whichhasupsettheecologicalbalanceoftheplanet,whichnowthreatenstheveryexistenceoflifeitself•2.peopleonthelefthavewillinglyorunwillinglytoldalotoflies.•...communismisinitselfavariant,themostsuccessfulvariant,ofFascism.Fascismwithahumanface...(anti-communist)ConscienceofAmericanpublic？AnnieLeibovitzSusanSontagCallus'lovers'.Ilike'lovers'.'lovers'soundsromantic.Imean,Iwanttobeperfectlyclear.IloveSusan.Whatcanawomanpossibilydoinherwholelife?Susanlivedagoodexampleofherfeministideas.Unit7BeautyTheauthor'spurpose:todiscreditmodernsociety'sbiasedattitudetowomenasshowninthechangedmeaningofthewordbeauty.•paragraph1-4•Susantracesthehistoryofthemeaningchangeofbeauty,fromexcellenceinthegeneralsensetoattractivenessassociatedonlywithwomen.•paragraph5-9•statesherargumentconcerningsexualprejudicewithregardtothenotionofbeautywiththeuseofcontrast.•paragraph10Conclusion•pointsoutsimpletrapinwhichwomenhavebeencaughtforalongtime•appealsthesocietytodosomethingtosavebeautyfromwomenandalsoforwomen.ThetextPara1lamely:weakly,feeblywholepersons:personofperfectiondistinguishbetween:makeadistinctionbetweenwell-born:fromrichfamilies/familieswithhighsocialstatusparadoxical:contradictoryseductive:attractive,charming(becarefultouseitonwoman)paraphraseOneoftheSocrates'main...lifereallywas.OneofSocrates'mainteachingmethodswastouseuglinesstoteachhisbeautifulbutnaivestudentsthatlifewasfullofparadoxes.CulturalbackgroundBeautyisacombinationofinnerbeautyandbeautifullook.AncientGreeksbelievedthat1.Beautyisthegloriousgiftgivenbydeities.2.Beautifulappearanceisthereflectionofinnerbeauty.(Itcanprovehis/herinside)ItissaidthatancientGreeks...takeexercisetokeepgoodshapemirrorsintheirtombsSocrates•Standardsofbeautyaredifferentindifferenteras,andinSocrates‘timebeautycouldeasilybemeasuredbythestandardofthegods.Goodlooksandproperbearing(举止)wereimportanttoaman'spoliticalprospects,forbeautyandgoodnesswerelinkedinthepopularimagination.(evenwhileAthensandSpartawereatwar),andwentaboutbarefootandunwashed,carryingastickandlookingarrogant.Hedidn'tchangehisclothesbutefficientlyworeinthedaytimewhathecoveredhimselfwithatnight.•Noonedesiresevil.•Nooneerrsordoeswrongwillinglyorknowingly.•Virtue-allvirtue-isknowledge.知识即美德•Virtueissufficientforhappiness.Iknowonething:thatIknownothing苏格拉底的朋友问特尔斐的神谕是否有人比苏格拉底更有智慧；神谕的回答是没有人比苏格拉底更有智慧。苏格拉底认为他根本就没有什么智慧。为了反驳神谕的说法，他接下来就通过接近雅典人公认为有智慧的人们—诸如政客、诗人和工匠来检验此谜团。通过向他们提问，苏格拉底得出结论：虽然每个人都认为他知道得很多也很有智慧，但实际上他们知之甚少，根本就没有什么智慧。苏格拉底意识到神谕是正确的，虽然所谓的有智慧的人们认为他们有智慧但他们实际上没有，而他自己知道他根本就没有智慧，这反而使他更有智慧，因为他是唯一认识到自己无知的人。Socraticparadoxes•TheymayhaveresistedSocrates’lesson.Wedonot.Severalthousandyearslater,wearemorewaryoftheenchantmentsofbeauty.•Resist:oppose,refusetoaccept•Bewaryof:becautiousabout•Theenchantmentsofbeauty:thecharmandmagicpowerofbeauty.Para.2•Wenotonlysplitoff—withthegreatestfacility—the“inside”(character,intellect)fromthe“outside”(looks);butweareactuallysurprisedwhensomeonewhoisbeautifulisalsointelligent,talented,good.•Splitoff:separate•Facility:anaturalabilitytolearnordosth.easily•Withthegreatestfacility:withthegreatestease(mosteasily)Para.2Para.3•ItwasprincipallytheinfluenceofChristianitythatdeprivedbeautyofthecentralplaceithadinclassicalidealsofhumanexcellence.•Principally:mainly,chiefly•Deprive…of:take…awayfrom•Classicalideals:theidealsofancientGreeceandRome•Paraphrase:•BeautynolongeroccupiedthecentralplaceinancientGreeceandRome’sidealsofhumanexcellencewhichwasmainlyduetotheinfluenceofChristianity.Para.3•Bylimitingexcellence(virtusinLatin)tomoralvirtueonly,Christianitysetbeautyadrift—asanalienated,arbitrary,superficialenchantment.•Virtus:Latinwordmeaning“valour英勇,worth价值,merit,moralperfection”•Adrift:aimlesslydrifting,loose•Alienated:separated•Arbitrary:basedonindividualopinionorpreferenceorsometimesimpulse;•Superficial:shallowPara.3•Bylimitingexcellence(virtusinLatin)tomoralvirtueonly,Christianitysetbeautyadrift—asanalienated,arbitrary,superficialenchantment.•Paraphrase:Byrestrictingexcellencetomoralvirtueonly,Christianitynolongerconsideredbeautyasakindofexcellence;beautyhadnowbecomeaseparateandshallowcharmbasedonindividualopinionorimpulse.Para.3•Forclosetotwocenturiesithasbecomeaconventiontoattributebeautytoonlyoneofthetwosexes:thesexwhich,howeverFair,isalwaysSecond.•Paraphrase:•Forabouttwocenturies,peoplehavemadebeautyafeatureofwomenasacompliment,butactu