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AcademicEnglishHowtoWriteALiteratureReviewAcademicEnglishHowtoWriteLiteratureReview•Whatisareviewoftheliterature?•Stagesofwritingliteraturereview•Skillsofwritingliteraturereview•Tasksaliteraturereviewmustdo•ElementscomprisedinliteraturereviewAcademicEnglishWhatisareviewoftheliterature?•Aliteraturereviewisanaccountofwhathasbeenpublishedonatopicbyscholarsandresearchers.AcademicEnglishWhatisareviewoftheliterature?•Inwritingtheliteraturereview,yourpurposeistodemostrateaclearunderstandingofthetopicbeinginvestigated,namely:•whathasbeendoneonthetopic?•whatdifferentscholarshavesaidabouttheirownresearch?•whatmajorfindinghavebeenpublished?•whatcontroversialareaexist?AcademicEnglishAskyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview1.Whatisthespecificthesis,problem,orresearchquestionthatmyliteraturereviewhelpstodefine?2.WhattypeofliteraturereviewamIconducting?AmIlookingatissuesoftheory?methodology?policy?quantitativeresearch(e.g.ontheeffectivenessofanewprocedure)?qualitativeresearch(e.g.,studies)?AcademicEnglishAskyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview3.Whatisthescopeofmyliteraturereview?WhattypesofpublicationsamIusing(e.g.,journals,books,governmentdocuments,popularmedia)?WhatdisciplineamIworkingin(e.g.,nursingpsychology,sociology,medicine)?AcademicEnglishAskyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview4.Howgoodwasmyinformationseeking?HasmysearchbeenwideenoughtoensureI'vefoundalltherelevantmaterial?Hasitbeennarrowenoughtoexcludeirrelevantmaterial?IsthenumberofsourcesI'veusedappropriateforthelengthofmypaper?AcademicEnglishAskyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview5.HaveIcriticallyanalysedtheliteratureIuse?DoIfollowthroughasetofconceptsandquestions,comparingitemstoeachotherinthewaystheydealwiththem?Insteadofjustlistingandsummarizingitems,doIassessthem,discussingstrengthsandweaknesses?AcademicEnglishAskyourselfquestionsbeforewritingaliteraturereview6.HaveIcitedanddiscussedstudiescontrarytomyperspective?7.Willthereaderfindmyliteraturereviewrelevant,appropriate,anduseful?AcademicEnglish文献综述概念（也叫文献阅读报告）文献综述的概念：(“review”,“summary”,“survey”,“…past,present,andfuture”,etc.)意义和目的：是总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作，了解当前的研究水平，分析存在问题，指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等。文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。其特点是“综”和“述”－“综”要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”则要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较全面的、深入的、系统的、客观的论述。AcademicEnglishTypesofliteraturereviews•Aliteraturereviewisaveryimportantpartoftheresearchproject.•Itmaybeaself-containedreviewlikeoneasaseparateassignment,•butmoreoftenitisapartoftheintroductiontoanacademicessay.AcademicEnglish文献中表达不同功能的常用句型P140•fuction1：reviewthepreviousrelatedstudies•eg:Manystudieshavebeenconductedon...•Severalauthorshaveundertaken...bymeansofastatisticalapproachsolving...•fuction2:statethepreviousstudies'limitation•eg:However,thereislittledefiniteinformationconcerning...•However,previousresearchinthisfieldhasbeenlimited/restrictedto...•fuction3:announcethedirectionfortheirstudies•eg:..couldpossiblybeachievedwithfurtherstudy...•Furtherresearchisstillrequiredwithrespectto...AcademicEnglishFourstages1.Problemformulation—whichtopicorfieldisbeingexaminedandwhatareitscomponentissues?2.Literaturesearch—findingmaterialsrelevanttothesubjectbeingexplored3.Dataevaluation—determiningwhichliteraturemakesasignificantcontributiontotheunderstandingofthetopic4.Analysisandinterpretation—discussingthefindings/ideasandconclusionsofrelevantliteratureAcademicEnglish文献综述的写作一般经过以下几个阶段选题（分析主题、学科和信息类型）搜集阅读文献资料拟定提纲（归纳、整理、分析）成文AcademicEnglishTwoskills•Besidesenlargingyourknowledgeaboutthetopic,writingaliteraturereviewletsyougainanddemonstrateskillsintwoareas:–informationseeking:theabilitytoscantheliteratureefficiently,usingmanualorcomputerizedmethods,toidentifyasetofusefularticlesandbooks–criticalappraisal（批判性评价）:theabilitytoapplyprinciplesofanalysistoidentifyunbiasedandvalid（有效的）studies.AcademicEnglishFourtasks•Aliteraturereviewmustdothesethings:1.beorganizedaroundandrelateddirectlytothethesisorresearchquestionyouaredeveloping2.synthesize（合成，整合）resultsintoasummaryofwhatisandisnotknown3.identifyareasofcontroversyintheliterature4.formulatequestionsthatneedfurtherresearchAcademicEnglish1.文献综述initsbroadsense学科领域性文献综述(self-contained...)从严格意义上来说，学科领域性文献综述与“读书报告”或者“文献学习报告”更加相似，强调“综”而非“述”。这个综述的主要目的和任务是关注学科领域的轮廓,介绍学科发展的历史沿革、归纳整理主要研究流派和主要学术观点、理清热点研究方向。AcademicEnglish专题性文献综述(...partofanessay)专题性文献综述比较学科领域性综述而言，在范围上要更狭窄，讨论的问题要更具体、明确。这个综述实际上是我们确定研究方向的重要标志，因此，在所关注的学科领域内选择自己感兴趣并有研究潜力的专题进行文献探讨，追踪理论前沿、发现和初步界定研究问题是本次文献综述的主要任务。AcademicEnglish小结:如果我们把学科领域性文献综述比喻为一颗“树木”，那么专题性文献综述就是这颗树上分叉的“树枝”。对于本科生来说，应该先确定这颗“树”，再确定“树枝”，最后才是“开枝散叶”（也就是我们的论文）。AcademicEnglish2.文献综述的不同分类•根据写作目的和内容的侧重点•动态性综述(developmentalreview)•成就性综述(resultreview)•争鸣性综述(contentiousreview)•按时间来划分•可分为回顾性综述(retrospectivereview)•前瞻性综述(prospectivereview)。•根据作者的参与情况•可分为归纳性综述(inductivereview)•评论性综述(criticalreview)AcademicEnglish3.选题选题来源：一般来说，文献综述的选题有两种来源，一种是由导师指定，属于命题作文，另外一种是由学生在导师的研究方向下，根据自己的研究兴趣和能力自行选题。AcademicEnglish4.文献检索检索文献的途径（1）图书馆数据库中文数据库：•中国期刊网镜像*、清华学术期刊网、维普、万方*等。最常用的是中国期刊网，清华学术期刊网期刊总体质量较高，但追溯时