语料库与英语教学

语料库与英语教学许家金中国外语教育研究中心北京外国语大学CorporaandELTXuJiajinBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity3ELT&LintheTimeofCorpusLinguistics•ThelexicalapproachandDDL•InsightsfromCL:•Inthebeginningwastheword—Gospel•Fromfrequencytosequence•ELTmethodology:TheLexicalapproach•Toteachthefrequentthantherare(GeoffreyLeech)4TheLexicalApproach•Lewis(1993),coinedthetermlexicalapproach•Lexisisthebasisoflanguage.•LexisismisunderstoodinLTbecauseoftheassumptionthatgrammaristhebasisofLandthatmasteryofthegrammaticalsystemisaprerequisiteforeffectivecom.•Thekeyprincipleofthelexicalapproachisthat“languageconsistsofgrammaticalizedlexis,notlexicalizedgrammar.”•YouknowImeanofcourseifIwereyou5TheLexicalApproach•Oneofthecentralorganizingprinciplesofanymeaning-centeredsyllabusshouldbelexis.•ThePresent-Practise-Produceparadigmisrejected,infavorofaparadigmbasedontheObserve-Hypothesize-Experimentcycle.•DDL-akaclassroomconcordancingTimJohns•PPP-OH,IC•Observe-Hypothesize-inducefromcorpusdata6Corporaandsyllabusdesign•Whattoteach?•Frequencylist/keywordlist•MostfrequentwordsinspokenAmericanEnglish7MostfrequentwordsinspokenAmericanEnglish8Corporaandsyllabusdesign•目前大纲词表的问题•日常生活用词涵盖不够•口语词、用法涵盖不够9CasesofcorpususeinELT10CasesofcorpususeinELT•Checkingerrors/errorcorrection•Grammaticalitytest•Meaningdistinction•WritingEnglishtests11Errorcorrection•DDLTomCobbexamples•Checkgrammaragainstcorpusdata•Screencapturesdemo•Concordancingaloneisnotenough.Summariesofpatternsaretobegivensimultaneously.12He’sgoingtohome.Sorry,it'sNOTcorrect.ItshouldbeGOINGHOME1314Apedagogiccorpusasanwritingassistantforstudents.15Grammaticalitytest•Email•Software16CorporaandtheteachingofEnglishvocabularyandgrammar-1•Focusingonasingleword•email/anemail/emails•You’veGotMail!•Grammarbooksdonotgiveagoodanswertothis.•InBNC,“mail”isnotusedasingularcountnoun(not“amail”).Butitisalrightasin“amailorder”,“amailcatalogue”etc.17email•Thereareonly3instancesof“email”(anemailmessage,anemaillistserver,anemailfacility),becauseatthetimewhentheBNCwascompletedintheearly1990s,emailwasnotsowidelyusedastoday.(Xiao,2005)18email•InLOB,Brown,FLOBandFrown,thepatternsaresimilar.•Noinstanceof“email”;singular“mail”isused•asanominalmodifier;plural“mails”areused.19email•OutofMICASEIget:•(totaling1,848,364words)•1mails•23mail(includingoneinstanceofe-mail)•18emails18/273=7%•224email224/273=82%•30anemail30/273=11%•Inconclusion,inmostcasesemailisuseduncountably,butthisdoesnotmeanthatanemailandemailsareunacceptable.20Collocationat(a)lowspeedat(a)slowspeed21Meaningdistinction•Semanticprosody•语义韵言外之音•Causevsleadto•Necessarily22causevsleadtovsbringaboutMeaningdistinction•Althougheconomicimprovementmaybecausedbytourism,theinvestmentandoperationalcostsoftourismmustalsobeconsidered.•Althoughtourismmayleadtoeconomicimprovement,theinvestmentandoperationalcostsoftourismmustalsobeconsidered.23cause•TheDeepObjects(‘Effects’)ofcausehighlightedinredareoverwhelminglynegativeinconnotation,fromtherelativelymilddiscomfort(1)andresentment(17)throughtothemorepowerfulhavoc(14)anddeath(15).24CorporaandtheteachingofEnglishvocabularyandgrammar-2•Beyondwordboundary•Teachinggrammarthroughlexis•helporhelpto(Xiao,2005)(a)HELPtoVThebookhelpedtopreventitfromhappening.(b)HELPNPtoVIthoughtIcouldhelphimtoforget.(c)HELPVSavingscanhelpfinanceotherprojects.(d)HELPNPVWehelpedhimgettohisfeet.25CorporaandtheteachingofEnglishvocabularyandgrammar-2•AmEshowsastrongerpreferenceforbareinfinitivesafterHELPthanBrE.Languagechangeoverthethreedecadesfrom1961to1991hasproducedabiasinfavorofbareinfinitivesafterHELPinbothAmEandBrE.26helporhelpto•AninterveningNPmayincreasetheproportionofbareinfinitivesafterHELPinAmEwhereasinBrE,theeffectofaninterveningNPisunpredictable.•Theinfinitivemarker“to”precedinghelpencouragesalanguageusertochooseabareinfinitive.•Thepassiveconstructionexclusivelyselectsbareinfinitives.27CorporaandthewritingofEnglishtests•Exercisegeneration•AutomaticgenerationofCALLexercisesfromlanguagecorpora.•TestBuilder,dropperandMarkin•Blankfillingwiththekeywordmissingfromtheconcordancelines.28Exercise•Usethesamewordtocompleteallthefollowingsentences.•We’re____surethatit’smostlywaterandpain•They’re____goodatstartingstuff,thoseguys.•…onewhoisbasicallydrivenby____decentinstinctsandmotivations.•Theywere____tough-betterthanIthought...•Throwingonthesideeverydaykeepsme____sharpandtherestofitis•Sheisvery____.Hermostrecentdecisionregardingher•…ofthedistrictintact.Theboardis____certainthepublicisnotapt•ButtheysummeduphisHousestint____well.Hehasbeendoggedly29Exercise•Usethesamewordtocompleteallthefollowingsentences.•We’re____surethatit’smostlywaterandpain•They’re____goodatstartingstuff,thoseguys.•…onewhoisbasicallydrivenby____decentinstinctsandmotivations.•Theywere____tough-betterthanIthought...•Throwingonthesideeverydaykeepsme____sharpandtherestofitis•Sheisvery____.Hermostrecentdecisionregardingher•…ofthedistrictintact.Theboardis____certainthepublicisnotapt•ButtheysummeduphisHousestint____well.HehasbeendoggedlySearchandReplaceinMSWord查找与替换30Key•We’reprettysurethatit’smostlywaterandpain•They’