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TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社1.HowdoHollywoodwesternscolorAmericanpeople’simpressionofthewesternexpansion?color:haveaneffectonthewesternexpansion西部大开发Certainly,America’swesternexpansionwasinmanywaysanepicofcourageandendurance.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社2.WhatdidtheWesternMovementmeantotheAmericanIndians?theWesternMovement西进运动AmericanIndians美国印第安人Itiscalledbythemthe“TailofTears”,duringwhichalotofpeopledied,andtheywerebrutallydrivenawaytothefarwestawayfromtheirhome.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社Thetextismadeupofthreeparts.Trytogiveeachpartaheading.Thefirsthasbeengiven.ParagraphsHeadingsPart1(1)WeshouldknowthefactsoftheWildWest’slegacy.Part2()Part3()2Intheearlydays,thecolonistsandtheIndiansgotalongtogether.3-5TrailofTearsfortheIndians.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社TheWildWest’sLegacyofShame(1)ThelegendsoftheWildWeststillcolormanypeople’simpressionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Unfortunately,theromanticizedHollywoodcowboysandIndianshavegivenadistortedpictureofwhatreallyhappened.Certainly,America’swesternexpansionwasinmanywaysanepicofcourageandendurance.Doggedpioneersopenedupnewterritoryandforgedanationfromthewilderness.Thisisthestuffoflegends.Buttherewasadarksidetothisstory.FortheIndiansitwasasad,bittertaleofmisunderstanding,greedandbetrayal—andweshouldknowthattoo.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社(2)IntheearlydaysofsettlementalongtheAtlanticshorethecolonistsandtheIndiansgotalongtogether.Theirwaysoflifeweredifferent,buttherewasroomforboth.TheIndianswerenotunorganizedhostilesavages.Thevarioustribeswereoftenconfederationsornations,andatfirst,thenewsettlerstreatedthemasindependentpowers.ButasEuropeansettlementgatheredmomentum,mistrustbegantobuild.Itwasnotlongbeforethenewcomersoutnumberedthenativepeoples.InthestrugglebetweentheFrenchandtheBritishforcontrolofNorthAmerica(1689—1763),andinthelaterRevolutionaryWar(1776—1787)betweentheBritishandtheColonists,theEuropeanstriedtowinthesupportoftheIndians.Theybecamepawnsinthewhiteman’sstruggletocontrolNorthAmerica.Thosewhofoundthemselvesonthelosingsidesufferedreprisalsbythevictors.Bytheendofthe18thcentury,theindependenceoftheUnitedStateswasestablished,andGeorgeWashingtonadmonishedCongress:“WearemoreenlightenedandmorepowerfulthantheIndiannations.Itbehoovesourhonortotreatthemwithkindnessandevengenerosity.”TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社(3)Butthat’snotwhathappened.Mightbecameright,andfromthebeginningofnationhoodoftheUnitedStates,thenativepeoplewereexploited,forcedfromtheirhomelandsbytherelentlessEuropeanexpansion—usuallyaftersigningagreementsandtreatiestheydidnotreallyunderstand.Thewhiteman’sconceptoflandownershipwasalientotheIndians.Theythoughttheyhadagreedtoshare,onlytofindthattheyhadsignedawaytherightstoliveintheirtraditionalterritory.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社(4)Eventually,thegovernmentdecideditwouldbeineveryone’sbestinterestforthetwopeoplestoliveapart.TheIndianRemovalActof1830gavethepresidentpowertorelocatealltheeasternIndiantribeswestoftheMississippi,onlandthenewAmericansthoughttheywouldnotneed.Noneweretobeexempted—eventhosetribeswhohadmadeanefforttolearnthewhiteman’swaywereforcedtomove.TheCherokees,forexample,weresettledfarmers,haddevelopedanalphabet,andevenpublishedanewspaperintheirownlanguage.ButtheCherokees,alongwiththeCreeks,Choctaws,ChickasawsandSeminoles,wereroundedupandherdedofftoIndianTerritory.OneinfourCherokeesdiedduringtheforcedwintermigrationalongwhatbecameknownasthe“TrailofTears”.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社(5)Undertheagreement,landtothewestoftheMississippiwastobetheIndians’homelandfor“aslongasthegrassesgrow,andthewatersflow.”Orrather,untiltherestlessyoungnationwantedthelandforitself.Evenbeforethetreatieswereratified,the“permanentIndianfrontier”wasmovedfartherwest.Overthecourseofdecades,agreementswererenegotiated,broken,amended,ratified,andbrokenagain.Thedispossessedeasterntribes,pushedfartherandfartherwestintotheGreatPlainsregion,becamerefugeesintheterritoryofthestillfreeandculturallydifferentIndiannationsofthePlains.ThePlainstribeswerethequintessentialstorybookIndians—proud,fierce,magnificenthorsemen,skillfulhunters,andfearlesswarriors.ForcenturiestheyroamedthemagnificentwildernessthatwastobecomeKansas,Nebraska,Wyoming,Montana,andtheDakotas.Romanticizedhistoryhasportrayedthemasnoblesavageswhoblockedthepathoftheboldpioneers.TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社西进运动留下的永久耻辱(1)许多人对美国的印象依然受西部大开发中流传的传奇故事的影响。不幸的是，具有浪漫主义色彩的关于好莱坞牛仔和印第安人的影片实际上扭曲了历史事实。当然，从许多方面来说，美国的西部大开发是一部兼具勇敢与耐力的史诗。不屈不挠的开拓者们开辟了新的领土，同时也促进了民族在蛮荒之地的发展。这是传奇故事，但是这个故事还是有鲜为人知的一面。对于印第安人来说，这是一个充满伤心与痛苦的故事。故事中充斥着误解、贪婪和出卖，我们也应该了解这阴暗的一面。TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社(2)殖民者在太平洋沿岸定居的早期，尚能和印第安人共同相处。虽然生活方式不同，但彼此却也相安无事。印第安人不是毫无组织、充满敌意的野蛮人。不同的部落通常结成联盟，当时，殖民者往往把这些部落看作是独立的国家。但是随着欧洲人殖民进程加快，印第安原住民与新来的殖民者之间开始彼此猜疑。不久，新移民的数量便超过原住民的数量。英法两国在1689年到1763年对北美展开争夺战，之后是美国的独立战争中(1776—1787)，英国和欧洲其他殖民者也为北美的归属权而争战。欧洲人试图赢得印第安人的支持，印第安人则沦为白人争夺北美控制权的爪牙。那些处于战败方的印第安人遭受了胜利者的报复。到18世纪末，美国独立，第一位美国总统乔治•华盛顿告诫议会：“我们比印第安民族文明和强盛得多，为了荣誉我们对他们要仁慈甚至要慷慨。”TextAUnitEightHistory华东师范大学出版社(3)但是真实情况远非如此。“强权即为公理”。从美国成立开始，原住民就受到了剥削——在签定了他