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UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社1.Inwhatwaycanmusicinfluenceourlife?1.Musiccanrelaxourbody;2.Musiccanopenourmind,andalsobebeneficialtoourheart;3.Musiccanhelpusfallasleep,enhanceourmemoryandattention;4.Musiccansoothethebaby'sbreathingandheartbeat,calmdownacryingbaby,andpromotethedevelopmentofthinkingabilityofthebaby'sbrain,thusmakinghimorhermoreintelligent.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社2.Doyouagreewiththeideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusiccanhelppromotethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社Thetextismadeupofthreeparts.Trytogiveeachpartaheading.Thefirsthasbeengiven.ParagraphsHeadingsPart1(1-6)AnintroductiontotheMozarteffect:themainidea,theoriginalstudy,andtheeffectithashadonhumanlife.Part2()Part3()7-1213Ascientificexplanationfortheso-calledMozarteffectbasedonvariousstudies:brainarousal.Conclusion:apartialrefutationoftheMozarteffect.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社DoesListeningtoMozartReallyBoostYourBrainpower?(1)Youhaveprobablyheardofthe“Mozarteffect”.It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.AquickInternetsearchrevealsplentyofproductstoassistyouinthetask.WhateveryouragethereareCDsandbookstohelpyoutoharnessthepowerofMozart’smusic,butwhenitcomestoscientificevidencethatitcanmakeyoumoreclever,thepictureismoremixed.ByClaudiaHammondUnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(2)Thephrase“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehowimprovesthebrain.Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(3)Theideatookoff,withthousandsofparentsplayingMozarttotheirchildren,andin1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobesetasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.It’snotjustbabiesandchildrenwhoweredeliberatelyexposedtoMozart’smelodies.WhenSergioDellaSala,thepsychologistandauthorofthebookMindMyths,visitedamozzarellafarminItaly,thefarmerproudlyexplainedthatthebuffaloswereplayedMozartthreetimesadaytohelpthemtoproducebettermilk.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(4)I’llleavethedebateontheimpactonmilkyieldtofarmers,butwhatabouttheevidencethatlisteningtoMozartmakespeoplemoreintelligent?Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsoftheinitialstudydiscoveredthattookpublicimaginationbystorm?UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(5)Whenyoulookbackattheoriginalpaper,thefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.Only36studentstakepart.Onthreeoccasionstheyweregivenaseriesofmentaltaskstocomplete,andbeforeeachtask,theylistenedeithertotenminutesofsilence,tenminutesofatapeofrelaxationinstructions,ortenminutesofMozart’sSonataforTwoPianosinDmajor(K.448).UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(6)ThestudentswholistenedtoMozartdidbetterattaskswheretheyhadtocreateshapesintheirminds.Forashorttimethestudentswerebetteratspatialtaskswheretheyhadtolookatfoldeduppiecesofpaperwithcutsinthemandtopredicthowtheywouldappearwhenunfolded.Butunfortunately,astheauthorsmakeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastsforaboutfifteenminutes.Soit’shardlygoingtobringyoualifetimeofenhancedintelligence.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(7)Nevertheless,peoplebegantotheorizeaboutwhyitwasthatMozart’smusicinparticularcouldhavethiseffect.Didthecomplexityofmusiccausepatternsofcorticalfiringinthebrainsimilartothoseassociatedwithsolvingspatialpuzzles?(8)Moreresearchfollowed,andameta-analysisofsixteendifferentstudiesconfirmedthatlisteningtomusicdoesleadtoatemporaryimprovementintheabilitytomanipulateshapesmentally,butthebenefitsareshort-livedanditdoesn’tmakeusmoreintelligent.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(9)ThenitbegantoemergethatperhapsMozartwasn’tsospecialafterall.In2010alargermeta-analysisofagreaternumberofstudiesagainfoundapositiveeffect,butthatotherkindsofmusicworkedjustaswell.OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.Butonlyifyouenjoyedit.So,perhapsenjoymentandengagementarekey,ratherthantheexactnotesyouhear.UnitoneDiscoveryTextA华东师范大学出版社(10)AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,toasequenceofthreepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMark