英语句子成分课件课件

句子成分定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）表语（predicative）定语（attribute）状语(adverbial)宾语补足语(objectcomplement）同位语（appositive）1.主语：是句子要说明的人或物，说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句皆可做主语。1)Mr.Leeisawell-knownscientist.2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.3)Twoandtenistwelve.4)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.5)Toswiminthatpoolisagreatpleasure.6)Whatweshalldonextisnotyetdecided.1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2.谓语谓语(Verb)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。3.表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be,become)之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。1)Wang’sfatherisadoctor.（名词）2)Heisalwayscareless.（形容词）3)Thebasketballmatchison.（副词）4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.（介词短语）5)Ouraimistowinmoremedals.（不定式）6)HisworkisteachingFrench.（动名词短语）7)Thequestioniswhocanreallyrepairthemachines.（从句）4.宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.跟to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.跟for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(3)形式宾语：若宾语是动词不定式，动名词或从句，可用it作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其到宾补之后。Ifounditdifficulttofinishthetaskintime.Doyouconsideritanygoodsendingmorepeoplethere?Wehavemadeitclearthatwedisagreed.WangLinglentmeanoveltoreadinthebus.（双宾语）me间接宾语表示动作是对谁或为谁做的。anovel直接宾语表示动作的直接承受者或结果。5.宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词作宾补）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词作宾补）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词作宾补)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语作宾补）Don’tlethimdothat.（省to不定式作宾补）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式作宾补）Don’tkeepthefireburning.（现在分词作宾补）I’llhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词作宾补）双宾语和宾补的区别Hegavemeabook.(他给我一本书）在这个句子中，me作间接宾语，abook作直接宾语。如果一个句子中的某一个动词接了两个宾语，那么，指“人”的是间接宾语，指“物”的为直接宾语。而且，这两个宾语不能形成逻辑上的主谓关系，如，你不能说Iamabook.如果一个动词后所接的两个宾语能够形成逻辑上的主谓关系，则是宾语和宾补的关系。例：Weelectedhimmonitor.在这个句子中，we作主语，elected作谓语，him为宾格，作宾语，monitor作宾语的补足语，而且，此句的宾语him可以和后面的monitor构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即：heisamonitor.七.定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）⑥Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词短语作定语)⑦TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词短语作定语）⑧Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词作定语）⑨Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式作定语）⑩YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句作定语）（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）9.同位语是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）Weareallstudents.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）Thenewsthatwe’rehavingaholidaytomorrowistrue.（从句作同位语）10.插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink/suppose/believe等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.练习说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分1.Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.2.Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.3.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.4.Hebrokeapieceofglass.5.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.主谓语宾语定语主语谓语谓语谓语主主主定语宾语宾语状语定语宾语表语练习（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.VAdverbialAttributeVAdverbial6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.H