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你能判断出下列句子中的黑体部分是什么成分吗?你能说出它们有什么共同特点吗?1.ThepoweroftheYangtzeRiver,(whichis)theworld’sthirdlongestriver,hasbeenharnessedbytheThreeGorgesDam.2.TheThreeGorgesDam,(whichis)thebiggestconstructionprojectinChinasincethebuildingoftheGreatWallandtheGrandCanal,hasbeenbuilttocontrolfloodingandprovidehydro-electricpowerforthecentralregionofChina.3.SunYat-sen,(whowas)theleaderofthe1911Revolution,firstsuggestedtheideaofadamacrosstheYangtzeRiverin1919.4.Thepeople(whowere)livinginthevillagehavemovedtootherplaces.【归纳】黑体部分均作定语,都是定语从句的缩略形式｡Ⅰ.非限制性定语从句一､作用非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容或先行词的补充､解释或附加说明｡主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开,常常单独翻译｡没有它,主句意思仍然完整｡二､引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等,作定语从句的主语､宾语､表语及定语｡关系副词有when,where等,作定语从句的状语｡引导词也可以是介词+which(whom,whose),但在固定的短语里,介词一般是不可分开而提前用于该结构的｡关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省｡▶Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子｡(限制性)▶Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的｡(非限制性)▶Aftergraduation,IdecidedtostayinChongqing,whereIspentmychildhoodandfouryearsofcollegelife.毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活｡▶AlbertEinsteinleftGermanyfortheUnitedStatesduringWorldWarⅡ,whenJewswerebadlytreatedinGermany.第二次世界大战期间,爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国,那时犹太人在德国受到极差的对待｡①Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,______weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.[2011陕西,11]A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that【解析】选B｡考查定语从句｡句意:我和我的朋友们一直走到了山顶,在那里我们欣赏到了美妙的湖光景色｡把定语从句补全为:Weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelakeatthetopofthehill.由此可知,定语从句中缺少的成分为地点状语,故选择where一项｡▶Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.▶Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.▶Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.▶Tom,asweexpected,attendedthemeeting.②Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,______turnedouttobeawisedecision.[2010四川,10]A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where【解析】选B｡考查定语从句关系词｡根据选项前的逗号可知考虑用非限制性定语从句,故选which,指代前文的整个句子｡意为:“大学毕业后,我休假一段时间去旅游,结果证明这是个明智的决定｡”Ⅱ.定语从句的缩略有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语,如分词短语､形容词短语､名词短语､介词短语及动词不定式短语等,且句意不受影响｡我们称这一语言现象为定语从句的缩略｡一､缩略为分词短语有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词(who,which,that)和部分谓语(am,is,are,was,were等),从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语｡例如:▶Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.我认识坐在那辆汽车里的那些人｡▶Themanwhoownsthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.→Themanowningthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.那辆汽车的主人将因违章停车而被处以罚款｡③Lookoverthere—there’saverylong,windingpath______uptothehouse.[2011山东,27]A.leadingB.leadsC.ledD.tolead【解析】选A｡考查非谓语动词｡句意为:看那里——有一条长长的蜿蜒的小路通向那所房子｡leadto为短语,表示“通向”,该短语与前面的path之间为主谓关系,用现在分词作定语,相当于定语从句which/thatleadsuptothehouse｡④Agreatnumberofstudents______saidtheywereforcedtopractisethepiano.[2010四川,4]A.toquestionB.tobequestionedC.questionedD.questioning【解析】选C｡考查定语从句缩略为分词短语｡选项与逻辑主语students是动宾关系,且表示动作已完成,故用过去分词questioned作定语,意为:被问到的学生｡二､缩略为形容词短语若定语从句为主系表结构,且表语由形容词短语充当,可直接略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词,从而使定语从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语｡例如:▶Themen(whowere)responsiblefortheadministrationoftheschoolrefusedtoconsiderthematter.该校行政工作负责人拒绝考虑此事｡三､缩略为名词短语由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语｡例如:▶WefinallyreachedRio,(whichwas)theendofourjourney.我们最后抵达里约——我们旅行的目的地｡四､缩略为介词短语若定语从句为主系表结构,且表语为介语短语,可略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词,使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语｡例如:▶Hespoketothegirl(whowas)fromNewYork.他与来自纽约的那个女孩谈了话｡▶Thecompanywantsmenwhohaveexperience.→Thecompanywantsmenwithexperience.这家公司招聘有经验的职员｡五､缩略为动词不定式短语某些含情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语,不定式短语作后置定语｡例如:▶Youneedsomeonewhocanlookafteryou.→Youneedsomeonetolookafteryou.你需要有人照料｡⑤Manybuildingsinthecityneedrepairing,buttheone______firstisthelibrary.[2010重庆,34]A.repairedB.beingrepairedC.repairingD.toberepaired【解析】选D｡考查定语从句缩略为动词不定式｡“首先要修”是尚未发生的动作,故选toberepaired｡A项表示已经修完;B项表示正在维修;C项表示主动,与句意不符,故选D｡