荷马史诗伊利亚德奥德赛Iliad-and-Odyssey

1Iliad&Odyssey2Outline•HomerinAncientGreece•ThemesandPersons•Illiad•Odyssey•ClosingThoughts3HomerinAncientGreece•EarliestGreekLiterature–Writtenc.750BCEfromoraltrad.(c.1200BCE)–RecitedbyRhapsodes–Epic=dactylichexameterorlongpoemonwar/myth•CulturalImportanceforGreeks–TakenasHistory–HellenicUnity–EducationalTexts4SomeThemes•GloriesofWar/Adventure–ReasonsforWar–RealisticDescriptions•IdealsofHeroism–Areté,timé,andkleos–Fate&Courage–“shameculture”•Others–Gods&Humans–Individualvs.Society–Wordvs.Deed5GreeceandTrojanWar6AretéExcellence,virtue,orwhatmakesandindividualthebestoramongthebest;usuallysomecombinationofphysicalprowess&persuasivespeechorcommand.TiméHonor,materialsymbolofstatusamongothers,usuallycapableofbeingtakenaway(prize,booty,trophies).KleosGloryorFame,understoodaspublicopinion,orwhatotherssayorremember.7PersonsintheIliad•Acheans–Achilles&Patrocles–Agamemnon&Menalaos–Odysseus,Ajax,Phoenix•Trojans–Hector&Alexandros–Priam,Helen,Andromache•Gods–Zeus,Apollo,Aphrodite–Athena,Hera,Thetis8Iliad(BookI)•WrathofAchilles,PartI–Inmediasres:TrojanWar&PlagueofApollo–Menis:QuarrelwithAgamemnon•Consequences–Thetis’SupplicationofZeus–GlimpseofOlympus•IsAchilles’angerhisownfault?9ThetissupplicanttoZeus10Iliad(BookVI)•BehindtheWallsofTroy–HectorasTragicHero–WomenandFamilyLife–Fate•Troy&Hector•TrojanWomen•IsHectorasympathetichero?Whyorwhynot?11Iliad(BookIX)•EmbassytoAchilles–Discourseamongequals?–Odysseus’plea–Phoenix’splea–Ajax’spartingwords•IsAchillesbeingunreasonable?Whyorwhynot?12DeathandHeroism•Theprospectofdeathdrivestheheroestopursuetimé(honor).•Theheroisdefinedbyhis(her)actioninthefaceofmortality,especiallyincombatorcontests.•Andresultingkleos(glory)isthehero’sonlyimmortality.13SarpedondeclarestoGlaukos(BookXII.322-28)“Man,supposingyouandI,escapingthisbattle,wouldbeabletoliveonforever,ageless,immortal,soneitherwouldImyselfgoonfightingintheforemostnorwouldIurgeyouintothefightingwheremenwinglory.Butnow,seeingthatthespiritsofdeathstandcloseaboutusintheirthousands,nomancanturnasidenorescapethem,letusgoonandwingloryforourselves,oryieldittoothers.”14Iliad(BookXXI)•WrathofAchilles,PartII–DeathofPatroclesandAchilles’Armor–DeathofLycaon:aruthlessdeath–DeathofHector:revenge•IsAchilles’angerinhuman?15HectorattheGatesofTroy…Achilleswascomingcloser,likeEnyalius,
thewarriorgodofbattlewiththeshininghelmet.
Onhisrightshoulderhewavedhisdreadfulspear
madeofPelianash.Thebronzearoundhimglittered
likeablazingfireorrisingsun.Atthatmoment,ashewatched,Hectorbegantoshakeinfear.
Hiscouragegone,hecouldnolongerstandthere.
Terrified,hestartedrunning,leavingthegate.
Peleus'sonwentafterhim,sureofhisspeedonfoot.
Justasamountainfalcon,thefastestcreature
ofalltheoneswhichfly,swoopsdowneasily
onatremblingpigeonasitdartsoffinfear,thehawkspeedingafteritwithpiercingcries,
heartdrivingittoseizethepreyinjustthatway
Achillesinhisfuryracedahead16HectorfacesAchillesWhenthey'dapproachedeachother,atclosequarters,
greatHectoroftheshininghelmetspokeoutfirst:I'llnolongertrytorunawayfromyou,sonofPeleus,asIdidbefore,going
threetimesinflightaroundPriam'sgreatcity.
Ilackedthecouragethentofightwithyou,
asyouattacked.Butmyheartpromptsmenow
tostandagainstyoufacetofaceoncemore,
whetherIkillyou,oryoukillme.
Socomehere.Let'scallongodstowitness,
forthey'rethebestonestoobserveourpact,
tosupervisewhatwetwoagreeon.
IfZeusgrantsmethestrengthtotakeyourlife,
I'llnotabuseyourcorpseinanyway.I'llstripyourcelebratedarmouroff,Achilles,thengivethebodybackagain
totheAchaeans.Andyou'lldothesame.Swift-footedAchilles,withascowl,replied:Hector,don'ttalktomeofouragreements.
That'sidiotic,likeafaithfulpromise
betweenmenandlions.Wolvesandlambs
don'tshareacommonhearttheyalwayssense
amutualhatredforeachother.
Injustthatway,it'snotpossibleforus,foryouandme,tobefriends,or,indeed,fortheretobeswornoathsbetweenus,
tilloneorotherofusfalls,gluttingAres,
warriorwiththebull'shideshield,onblood.
You'dbestrememberallyourfightingskills.
Nowyoumustdeclareyourselfaspearman,
afearlesswarrior.You'vegotnoescape.SoonPallasAthenawilldestroyyou
onmyspear.Rightnowyou'llpaymeback,
thefullpriceofthosesorrowsIwentthroughwhenyouslaughteredmycompanions.”Withthesewords,heheftedhislong-shadowedspear,
thenhurledit.17AchillesabusesHector’sbodyThenonnobleHector'scorpse
hecarriedoutamonstrousact.Hecutthrough
thetendonsbehindbothfeet,fromheeltoankle,
threadedthemwithox-hidethongs,andthentiedthese
ontohischariot,leavingtheheadtodragbehind.
Heclimbedupinhischariot,broughtonthesplendidarmour,
thenlashedhishorses.Theyspedoffeagerly,
draggingHector.Adustcloudroseabovehim,
hisdarkhairspreadoutroundhim,andHector'shead,
oncesohandsome,wascoveredbythedust,forZeus
hadgivenhimtohisenemiestodishonour
inhisownnativeland.Soallhisheadgrewdirty.FromBookXXII,translatedbyIanJohnston:~johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm18AbuseofHector’sBody19Iliad(BookXXIV)•Priam’sPlea•Achilles’grief•WhatmovedAchilles’toreleaseHector’sbody?•HasAchillesfinallycometohissenses?20QuestionsabouttheIliad•Whatarethechiefmotivationsforwarorconflictinthe