过去分词

非谓语动词---过去分词非谓语动词(1)Infinitive动词不定式todo(2)Gerund动名词V-ing(3)PresentParticiple现在分词V-ing(4)PastParticiple过去分词V-ed主语宾语表语定语状语宾补不定式※※※※※※动名词※※※现在分词※※※※过去分词※※※※※I.过去分词的基本形式:是由动词末尾加–ed形式构成.II.过去分词的句法功能：它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。有前置和后置两种情况:单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。1.前置定语A.被动意义：anhonoredguest一位受尊敬的客人(受伤的工人)arenowbeingtakengoodcareofinthehospital.TheinjuredworkersB.完成意义aretiredteacher一位退休的教师Theyarecleaning(落叶)intheyard.thefallenleaves过去分词作定语2.后置定语过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindeverwritten.(=)Whoweretheso-calledguestsinvited(=)toyourpartlastnight?thathaseverbeenwrittenwhohadbeeninvited如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：Isthereanythingunsolved?ThereisnotingchangedheresinceIleftthistown.注意:1.TheOlympicGames,___in776B.C.,didn’tincludewomenuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobeplaying考点点拨简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰TheOlympicGames的后置分词短语;再根据TheOlympicGames对于动词play来说只能是被动承受,且已完成(in776B.C.)。因此,该题应选C。2.What’sthelanguage___inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichisspoken。3.Mostoftheartists____tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whowereinvited。4.Thecomputercentre,___lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替。5.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichwerewritten。不定式：单个不定式或不定式短语均可，总是放在所修饰词之后，与被修饰的词有动宾或主谓关系，不定式作定语常表示将来。动名词：单个动名词放在所修饰的词之前，只表示用途，无逻辑上的任何关系。无一定的时间性。现在分词：单个现在分词放在所修饰词的前后均可，短语要后置。与被修饰的词有主谓关系，常表示动作正在进行。过去分词：单个过去分词放在所修饰词的前后均可，短语要后置。与被修饰的词有动宾关系，常表示一个被动或完成的动作。3.不定式、动名词、过去分词、现在分词作定语的区别eg:1)I’mhungry.Getmesomethingtoeat.Thereisnoonetolookafterher.2)Pleasegotothesleepingcar.3)therisingsun正在升起的太阳4)therisensun升起了的太阳boilingwater正沸腾的水boiledwater开水fallingleaves正在飘落的叶子fallenleaves落叶changingconditionchangedcondition变化着的情况改变了的情况developingcountriesdevelopedcountries发达国家发展中国家(1)Thebridge___________(build)lastmonthisverybeautiful.(2)Thebridge_________________(build)nowisthelongestoneinourcity.(3)Thebridge_______________(build)nextyearisdesignedbyafamousarchitect.现在分词，过去分词，不定式builtbeingbuilttobebuilt过去分词，现在分词的被动式与不定式的被动式作定语的区别。过去分词作定语时表示一个被动或完成的动作。Heisamanlovedandrespectedbyall.现在分词的被动式作定语时,表示被动动作正在发生或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Listen!Thesongbeingsungisverypopularwiththestudents.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。Thequestiontobediscussedattomorrow’smeetingisaveryimportantone.过去分词作表语1.过去分词在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。Thestudentsarefullyprepared.学生们已做好了充分的准备。Whenwegotthere,theshopwasclosed.我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。比较1.要把过去分词作表语和被动语态区别开来。过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态.被动语态强调的是动作.2.过去分词与现在分词作表语时的区别。PetertheGreatisburiedhere.彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。PetertheGreatwasburiedherein1725.彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。现在分词：说明主语的性质或特征，“令人…”，有主动意思，且主语多为物。e.g.Howdisappointingtheelectionis!Thatnewssoundssurprising.过去分词：说明主语的感受，“感到…”，有被动意思，且主语多是人e.g.Theyfeeldisappointedattheelection.Shegotveryexcited.Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremoved.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。比较：amusing使人高兴的amused开心的encouraging鼓舞人心的encouraged受鼓励的disappointing令人失望的disappointed失望的exciting使人激动的excited激动的puzzling迷惑人的puzzled迷惑的satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的Worrying令人烦恼的worried烦恼的tiring引起疲劳的tired疲劳的pleasing令人愉快的pleased高兴的astonishing令人惊讶的astonished惊讶的动名词作表语表示一般或抽象的行为；不定式作表语往往表示具体的某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.eg.Myfavouritehobbyisjogging.Hisideaistogiveuptheplan.过去分词,现在分词,与不定式,动名词作表语时的区别：1.Ourplanis________(finish)thetaskbeforeMay.2.Tom’sjobwas________(guard)thefactory.3.Hislectureis__________(interest),whichmadeus___________(interest).4.Thesituationis__________(encourage).5.Heis_______(excite)atthe______(excite)news.6.Thesituationismore________thanever.I’m________aboutwhattodonext.(puzzle)tofinishguardinginterestinginterestedencouragingexcitedexcitingpuzzlingpuzzled过去分词作宾语补足语当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时(或称为动宾关系)，一般应用过去分词作宾语补足语。Ihavehadmybikecleaned.我让人清使了自行车.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.我昨天理了发.Iheardyournamecalledtwice.我听到你的名字被叫了两次.过去分词常用作下列动词的宾语补足语:1.在感觉动词see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find等后作宾语补足语。IheardtheNinthSymphonyplayedlastnight.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。Wefoundalltheriversseriouslypolluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.我看见学生在大厅里集合.Ifoundthedoorclosed.我发现门关着.2.在使役动词get,have,make,leave,keep等后作宾语补足语。1)Dorisgotherbadtoothpulledoutinthehospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。2)Heraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。3)Youshouldmakeyourviewsknowntothepublic.你应该让公众知道你的观点。4)Theyallwenthome,leavingalltheworkundone.所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。5)Thedetectiveandhisassistantkeptthemselveslockedintheroomallnight.侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。3.作want,need,prefer,wouldlike,wish,expect等动词的宾语补足语.1)Iwouldlikethismattersettledimmediately.我希望这事立即得到解决。2)Thepeasantsdon‘twantgoodfarmlandbuilton.农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。3)Iwishthehousedecoratedforthefestival.我想把房子装修一下