中国园林和古建筑(英语版)

ChineseArchitectureandGardeningMainsource:•Architectureisboththeprocessandproductofplanning,designingandconstruction.Architecturalworks,inthematerialformofbuildings,areoftenperceivedasculturalsymbolsandasworksofart.OthersTombGardeningTowerPalaceOutline•Apalaceisagrandresidence,especiallyaroyalresidenceorthehomeofaheadofstateorsomeotherhigh-rankingdignitary.•Thepalaceisthehighest,mostluxuriousandvaluablearchitecturaltypeinancientChina.•Chinesepalaceisdesignedinregularsquaregridsandarrangedinformallayout,consistedofmainbuildingsandnumbersofpavilionsenclosedwithinwalls.UnlikemassivesinglestructuredEuropeanpalaceorcastle,Chinesepalaceisamultitudeofcomplexescontainsseverallargeandsmallerstructureswithparksandcourtyards.Chinesearchitectsusedwoodsasthemainbuildingmaterials.Delicate/Tough/Morbidezza（细腻，柔美）/GentleandreservedThelineofbeautyandthevividness(生动、活泼)oftheartisticconceptiontakepriority.Architectural“Artlanguage”Thebracketset（斗拱）isthebasicvocabularyofChinesetraditionalwoodenarchitecture.Cornice（檐口，飞檐）hasmanystyles.Differentstylesmakeoutdifferentarteffects.Somearespryandsomearestrictordepressive.Cornicecanbeusedtoexpressstatusandemotioninpavilions,terracesandtowers.EpangPalace阿房宫•ItwasapalacecomplexofQinShihuang,thefirstemperorofChina.Constructionofthepalacebeganin212BCandwasnevercompleted.DamingPalace大明宫•ItwastheimperialpalacecomplexoftheTangDynasty,locatedinitscapitalChang'an.ItservedastheroyalresidenceoftheTangemperorsformorethan220years.TheendoftheTangDynasty,theentirepalacewasdestroyedinthewar.•ThefinestexampleofChinesepalaceistheForbiddenCity,theimperialpalaceofChineseempirefromtheMingDynastytotheendoftheQingDynasty.ItislargestpalacecomplexintheworldandlocatedinthemiddleofBeijing,China.ThepalacecomplexexemplifiestraditionalChinesepalatialarchitecture.MainCharacteristicsoftheImperialPalaceThelargestandbest-preservedtimberframeworkintheworld,withtimber,bricks(砖),andtiles(瓦)asthemainbuildingmaterialsThelayoutofitkeepsstrictlytoaxialsymmetry(轴对称)Ithasagreatdealofsymbolisminvolvedandembodiesfeudaletiquettes.Towershavebeenusedbymankindsinceprehistorictimes.TheChineseusedtowersasintegratedelementsoftheGreatWallofChinain210BCduringtheQinDynasty.Towerswerealsoanimportantelementofcastles.塔Strategicadvantages•Thetowerthroughouthistoryhasprovideditsuserswithanadvantageinsurveyingdefensivepositionsandobtainingabetterviewofthesurroundingareas,includingbattlefields.Theywereinstalledondefensivewalls,orrollednearatarget.Today,strategic-usetowersarestillusedatprisons,militarycamps,anddefensiveperimeters.•Inhistory,simpletowerslikelighthouses,belltowers,clocktowers,signaltowersandminaretswereusedtocommunicateinformationovergreaterdistances.Inmorerecentyears,radiomastsandcellphonetowersfacilitatecommunicationbyexpandingtherangeofthetransmitter.河北定州开元寺料敌塔浙江杭州六和塔（其导航灯塔作用）陕西西安大雁塔应县木塔福建泉州开元寺石塔湖南当阳玉泉寺铁塔铁塔石塔木塔砖塔按所用材料可分为木塔、砖塔、石塔、金属塔、陶塔等陕西西安大雁塔建于唐朝西藏江孜白居寺菩提塔建于藏历阳铁马年北京大正觉寺金刚宝座塔建于明乐年间云南景洪曼飞龙塔建于1204年雷峰塔•LeifengtowerisonthenorthofJingcitempleandonsouthofWestlake.InNanSongDynasty,“LeiFengXiZhao”wasselectedasthetenviewsofWestlake.•BecauseLeifengtowerwasnotrepairedforlongyearsandsuperstitionsmanbelievedthatthebricksofthetowercouldkeeptheevilout,sothethievesbecomemoreandmore.Dayafterday,inSeptember,1924,theremainingofthetowercollapsed.Atthattime,almostalltheresidentsinHangzhoucitycameouttotakealookatthecollapsingview.On26thinDecember,2000thecelebrationoffoundationlayingofrebuildingofLeifengtowerwasheldontheruinsofthetoweronXizhaomountain.Afterrebuilding,thenewLeifengtowerisafivefloortowerwiththeflyingledgesoneightsides.Thenewismadeofsteelontheformerbasis,thetotalheightofthetoweris71.96meters.Whenthevisitorscomeintothetower,theycanseetheruinsofLeifengtowerthroughaglassprotectingcover.•TheLeifengisrebuilt,thewonderfulsceneryisback.ThenewLeifengtowermakesthedreamof“tenviewsofWestlake”ofresidentinHangzhou.GardenarchitecturesBriefintroduction•TheChinesegarden,alsoknownasaChineseclassicalgarden,recreatesnaturallandscapesinminiature.Thestylehasevolvedformorethanthreethousandyears.TheclassicalChinesegardenisenclosedbyawallandhasoneormoreponds,arockgarden,treesandflowers,andanassortmentofhallsandpavilionswithinthegarden,connectedbywindingpathsandzig-zaggalleries.Generalcharacteristics•TheChinesegardenarchitecturesarecharacterizedbytakingadvantagesoftheenvironmentsothatthenaturalsceneryandhumaninterestscouldbemerged.Theyshunsymmetryalongaxisandadoptanirregularandcomplicatedlayoutwithplentyoflargeandsmallspaces.Theappearancesofagardenbuildingshouldbeaestheticandexpressive,andenhancethebeautyofthesurroundings.Designoftheclassicalgarden•AChinesegardenwasnotmeanttobeseenallatonce;theplanofaclassicalChinesegardenpresentedthevisitorwithaseriesofperfectlycomposedandframedglimpsesofscenery;aviewofapond,orofarock,oragroveofbamboo,ablossomingtree,oraviewofadistantmountainpeakorapagoda（n.宝塔）.The16thcenturyChinesewriterandphilosopherJiCheng(计成)instructedgardenbuilderstohidethevulgarandthecommonasfarastheeyecansee,an