Benjamin-Franklin本杰明富兰克林

BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)1.LifeExperience2.GreatContributions3.LiteraryWorks4.Evaluation第1章contentHewasborninBoston,theyoungestsonofapoorcraftsmanonJanuary17,1706.Hehadlittleformaleducation,buthetaughthimselfbyreadingwidely.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortuneandbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher.At24,astheownerandtheeditorofPennsylvaniaGazette,hemadetheperiodical(周刊，杂志)popular.In1751,hehelpedtoestablishanacademythateventuallytheuniversityofPennsylvania.In1748,hebegantodevotedtherestoflifetoscience,literature,diplomacy.OnMarch17,1790,hediedLifeExperienceWriterStatesmanBusinessmanScientistModeloftheAmericandreamPrinterPhilosopherInventorDiplomatFranklin’sContributionstoSocietyHumanitarianAmericanfirstcirculatinglibraryUniversityofPennsylvaniaPhiladelphiahospitalPennsylvaniamilitiaServinggodbestistocontributeyourtalenttothepeopleandcommunityFranklin’sContributionstoScienceAscientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges.effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S.astatesman,diplomat,negotiatorHeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewarHewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitution1.PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理的年历》/《格言历书》•Modeledonfarmers’annualcalendar;•Keptpublishingformanyyears;•Includesmanyclassicalsayings:LiteryWorksExcerpts/ˈeksɜːpt/fromPoorRichard’sAlmanac•“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”•“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”•Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.•Bewareoflittleexpenses:asmallleakwillleakagreatship.•Eattolive,andnotlivetoeat.•Beslowinchoosingafriend,slowerinchanging.•省一文等于挣一文；聚沙可以成塔，积水可以成河。•早睡早起,使人健康、富有和聪明。•天助自助者。•小小开支不可随意，小小漏洞会沉大船。•吃饭是为了活着,活着不是为了吃饭。•选择朋友要谨慎，换朋友更要谨慎。TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin《本杰明·富兰克林自传》ItwasconsideredtobethegreatestautobiographyproducedinColonialAmericawhichwaspublishedherecontained14chapters.ContentFourpartswrittenatfourdifferenttimes1stpart:1771;alettertohisson;about80pages;hislifebeforetheageof252ndpart:1784;hislifebetweentheageof25and42;3rdpart:1788;hissocialandscientificlife;4thpart:1790;hislifebetweenhisretirementanddeath;“ThirteenVirtues”（13条美德）1.Temperance:Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.节制。食不过饱；饮酒不醉。2.Silence:Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.缄默。言则于人于己有益，不作无益闲聊。3.Order:Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.秩序。各样东西放在一定地方；各项日常事务应有一定的处理时间。4.Resolution:Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.决断。事情当做必做；既做则坚持到底。5.Frugality:Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing.节俭。花钱须于人于己有益，即不浪费。6.Industry:Losenotime;bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.勤勉。不浪费时间；每时每刻做有用之事，戒除一切不必要的行动。7.Sincerity:Usenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly;and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.诚恳。不欺骗人；思想纯洁公正；说话也应诚实。8.Justice:Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.正直。不做不利他人之事，切勿忘记履行对人有益的义务而伤害他人。9.Moderation:Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuries,somuchasyouthinktheydeserve.中庸。勿走极端；受到应有的处罚，应当加以容忍。10.Cleanliness:Toleratenounclearnessinbody,clothes,orhabitation.整洁。身体、衣服和住所应力求清洁。11.Tranquility:Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.平静。勿因琐事或普通而不可避免的事件而烦恼。12.Chastity:Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranother’speaceorreputation.节欲。除了为了健康或生育后代起见，不常举行房事，切戒房事过度，伤害身体或损害你自己或他人的安宁或名誉13.Humility:ImitateJesusandSocrates.谦逊。效法耶稣和苏格拉底。InTheAutobiographywewillbeabletonotice:1)Puritanism’sinfluence,suchasself-examinationandself-improvementahow-to-do-itbook(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)Hardworkwasanethic,asteptowardsalvation;2)Enlightenmentspirits(man’snatureisgood,rightsofliberty,virtuesinclude“order”)asuccessstoryofself-reliance,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.whyishisAutobiographyimportant?1)ItisthefirstofitskindinAmericanliterature.2)Itisapuritandocument.3)ItistheillustrationofAmericandream.4)Itisthebestexampleofplainstyle.CommentsonAutobiography1)AutobiographyrealisticallydescribedthelifeofFranklinwhoserags-to-richesexperiencesbecametheprototypeofmanyAmerican’sdreamofsuccess.2)Theprototypecharacterizedbyself-culture,self-improvement,self-reliance,self-cultivation,faithintheprogressofsocietyandtheidealsofthefuture,practicalandoptimisticattitudetowardlife,andfinalsuccesshavebeeninspiringgenerationsofAmericans.3)ItshowsthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderof18-centuryEnlightenmentthatmanisbasicallygoodandfreebynature,endowedwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.ItcelebratesthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.EvaluationHeisatypicalAmerican,modeloftheself-mademan,aculturalherowhoselifeexemplifiedtheAmericandreamofthepoorboywhomadegood.Hestressedtheimportanceofworkinghardtomakemoney,happinessdepend