初中英语定语从句复习2

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陈桥(一)知识概要定语从句并不属于中考范围,但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到,这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生,想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平,但总是碰到一些问题,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平,无法提高,但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的,所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难,也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路,特用这一节讲述定语从句,不是从语法上讲述,而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,如:agoodbook,形容词good用来修饰书book。我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句,它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做定语从句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词,如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?这句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科学家吗?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是:你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里scientist叫作先行词,而who叫作定语从句的引导词。who在定语从句中起主语的作用,who的数与它的先行词相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo这里先行词是everything,而thatIdo是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作的一切。that叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作do语从句的引导词有关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why,how。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都应放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。①that的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly这里先行词是machine而that是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday这里先行词是book,关系代词用that,它在定语从句中作lend(借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,即:Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterday②which关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks这里shop是先行词,which在从句中作主语。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderful这里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定语从句是修饰主句的主语book,即我昨晚读的那本书,which在定语从句中作read的宾语,可以省略。③who,whom,whosewho在定语从句中作主语,whom是who的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而whose则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。Who在定语从句中作主语。又如:Who'sthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而whom作定语从句中介词to的宾语,可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的whom也常常可用whoThisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnotfarfromourschool这为了便于理解,我们来看看是如何将两句话并为1.Isawtheman.HeclosedthedoorIsawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor2.ThegirlishappyShewontheraceThegirlwhowontheraceishappy3.ThestudentsarefromChinaTheysitinthefrontrowThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina(要注意的是先行词是students则who的数也应看作复数。)4.WearestudyingsentencesTheycontainadjectivedauseWearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause5.ThetaxidriverwasfriendlyHetookmetotheairportThetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly6.ThebookwasgoodIreaditThebookthatIreadwasgoodThebookIreadwasgood7.ThepeoplewereveryniceWevisitedthemyesterdayThepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice8.ThemancalledthepoliceHiswalletwasstolenThemanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice9.IcomefromacountryItshistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsIcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears10.IhavetocallthemanIpickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeetingIhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以写作:ThatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyearsHewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的关系代词whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短语动词也不可将for放于定语从句之前。that作关系代词作介词宾语时,不能紧跟介词,而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool这时不可用aboutthat…请看下面例句:1.ThemeetingwasinterestingIwenttoitThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting2.ThemanwasverykindItalkedtohimyesterdayThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind3.ImustthankthepeopleIgotapresentfromhimImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom4.ThepicturewasbeautifulShewaslookingatitThepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful5.ThemanisstandingoverthereItoldyouabouthimThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere除关系代词外,还有关系副词,when,where,why,其中when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWall而where则指地点,如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives请看下面例句:1.ThecitywasbeautifulWespentourvacationthereThecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful2.ThatistherestaurantIwillmeetyouthereThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou3.ThetownissmallIgrewupthereThetownwhereIgrewupissmall4.ThatisthedrawerIkeepmynewpapersthereThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers5.MondayisthedayWewillcomethenMondayisthedayWhenwewillcame6.7∶05isthetimeMyplanearrivesthen7∶05isthetimewhenmyplanearrives7.1960istheyearTherevolutiontookplacethen1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace8.JulyisthemonthTheweatherisusuallythehottestthenJulyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句,即限制性定语从①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited②非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制性定语从句,如:AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril14,1865atatheatreinwashingtonD.C.又如:GalileolivedinthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh

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