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语法JJ一、时态1.一般现在式2.一般过去式①wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。①表示委婉语气。•动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.•情态动词could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?•usedto/beusedtousedto+do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。3.一般将来式1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。2)begoingto+不定式，表示将来。3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。4)beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。5)用现在进行时表示将来意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人常用词为come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。I'mleavingtomorrow.will表意愿，begoingto表主观安排，betodo表客观安排。4.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek，…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。常见考点：1）Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisisthe…that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.5.过去完成时a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.b.状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本…，未能…Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.例:Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.A.hadwritten,leftB，werewriting,hasleftC.hadwritten,hadleftD.werewriting,hadleft1.JohnandI________friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe_______eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.A.hadbeen;haveseenBhavebeen;haveseenC.hadbeen;hadseenDhavebeen;hadseen2.OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,butsoon______tohisoldways.A.returnedB.returnsC.wasreturningD.hadreturned3.Everypossiblemeans_______topreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.A.isusedB.areusedC.hasbeenusedD.havebeenused4.Allthepreparationsforthetask______,andwe'rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompletedDACD二、名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。（一）主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。e.g.Whowillgoisnotimportant.2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。e.g.Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。e.g.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.（二）表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。e.g.Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g.Myideais(that)wecangetmorecomradestohelpinthework.（三）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.（四）宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g.Ihope(that)everythingisallright.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或whether。e.g.I’minterestedinwhetheryou’vefinishedthework..I’minterestedinwhatyou’vesaid.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g.Iwonderifitdoesn’train.②用if会引起误解，就要用whether。e.g.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）③宾语从句中的whether与ornot直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。e.g.Idon’tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.Idon’tknowwhether/ifthereportistrueornot.④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g.Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.Theydon’tknowwhethertogothere.Pleasecometoseemeifyouhavetime.1.Heoftenaskedmethequestion____theworkwasworthdoing.A.whetherB.whereC.thatD.when2.Thethought____hemightfailintheexamworriedhim.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that3.I'vecomefromthegovernmentwithamessage____themeetingwon'tbeheldtomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.whichADB三、情态动词1.can和beableto（could不表示时态）2.may和might（表推测，might比may语气弱）3.haveto和must前者主观，后者客观don'thaveto表示不必mustn't表示禁止4.must表示推测5.情态动词+have+过去分词6.should和oughtto7.hadbetter表示最好hadbetterdosth.8.wouldrather表示宁愿wouldratherdosth.9.情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答否定回答Needyou…?Yes,Imust.No,Ineedn'tMustyou…?/don'thaveto1.---ShallItellJohnaboutit?---No,you___.I'vetoldhimalready.A.needn'tB.wouldn'tC.mustn'tD.shouldn't2.MysistermethimattheGrandTheatreyesterdayafternoon,sohe___yourlecture.A.couldn'thaveattendedB.needn'thaveattendedC.mustn'thaveattendedD.shouldn'thaveattended3.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone______getout.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto4.Jenny______havekeptherword.Iwonderwhyshechangedhermind.A.mustB.shouldC.needD.wouldAADB四、被动语态1.—Howlong_______atthisjob?—Since1990.A.wereyouemployedB.haveyoubeenemployedC.hadyoubeenemployedD.willyoubeemployed2.Rainforestsandburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut3.Anewcinema_______here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt4.—Whathappenedtothepricelessworksofart?—_______.A.TheyweredestroyedintheearthquakeB.TheearthquakewasdestroyingthemC.TheydestroyedintheearthquakeD.TheearthquakedestroyedthemBCDA词汇JJ1.manyotherpeople,heprefersclassicalmusictopop.A.AccordingtoB.OwingtoC.