paradigmatic-and-syntagmatic-relation

1)paradigmaticandsyntagmaticrelations纵聚合和横组合关系2)structuralism横纵聚合3)paradigmatic纵聚合1.Languageisasystemofsymbolsbasedonrelations,amongwhichsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsarethemostuniversalandimportantones.语言是一个以关系为基础的符号系统,而横组合和纵聚合关系是这个系统中最普遍、最核心的关系。4)paradigmaticaxis纵聚合轴5)paradigmaticrelation纵聚合关系1.Byintroducingsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsandtherelatedlexico-grammarnotionandgrammatiealization,thearticlearguesthatthethechoiceforconstructiinglanguagestructure,whichinvolvesmentalprocess,shouldbemadeonthebasisoftheknowledgeofthedifferentlevelsofmeaningthatthelanguageunitsindicate.通过介绍语言系统中的横组合关系和纵聚合关系以及与它们相关的词汇-语法概念和语法化,提出语言结构的建构是一种涉及心智的活动,是在了解语言单位具有的不同的层级意义的基础上做出的选择。2.Thispaperisanattempttoapplythetheoryofsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsinlinguisticcontexttotranslationstudies.本文尝试把语言学中有关横组合和纵聚合关系的语境理论运用于翻译研究,通过实例说明其对确定原文词义的重要意义。paradigmaticvssyntagmaticrelationshipBasiclinguisticrelationshipswhichdescribethecomplexstructureofalanguagesystem.Paradigmaticrelationshipsbetweenlinguisticelementscanbeestablishedbyuseofthesubstitutiontestattheverticallevel.Thustheinitialconsonantsinbeer,deer,peerformaparadigmaticclass,aswellaswordssuchastodayandtomorrowinthesentence:Shewillarrivetoday/tomorrow.Syntagmaticrelationshipsaredefinedbytheabilityofelementstobecombinedhorizontally(linearly),e.g.therelationshipbetweenShewillarriveandtoday.DeSaussure(1916)calledparadigmaticrelationships‘associative’relationships,becausetheyrepresenttherelationshipbetweenindividualelementsinspecificenvironmentswithsuchelementsinthememorywhichcanpotentiallyreplacethem.Paradigmaticrelationshipsarebasedonthecriteriaofselectionanddistributionoflinguisticelements,andare,forexample,thebasisforestablishingthephonemeinventoryofalanguagethroughtheconstructionofminimalpairs,thereplacementofsoundsinanotherwiseconstantenvironmentthatleadstoadifferenceinmeaning.Elementswhicharerelatedtoeachotherparadigmaticallycanpotentiallyoccurinthesamecontextbutaremutuallyexclusiveinanactualconcretecontextbecausetheystandinoppositiontooneanother.Thedistinctionbetweenparadigmaticandsyntagmaticrelationshipsisrelevanttoalllevelsofdescription;cf.insemanticstheparadigmaticsemanticrelations(suchassynonymyandantonymy)vsthesyntagmaticrelationsbetweenlexemesinselectionalrestrictions.(alsostructuralism)