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虚拟语气一、虚拟语气是什么定义：①在表示一种完全假设的情况或主观愿望时，动词（实意动词、情态动词、系动词、助动词）需用一种特殊的形式，称为虚拟语气。②用来表达非真实的情况，如建议、命令、安排、猜测、愿望/遗憾、假设、空想、白日梦等。e.g.1.IfIwereyou,IwouldforgiveMary.假设2.Iwishyouhadcometothepartyyesterday.愿望3.Ifonly（要是……就好了）youcouldunderstandme！愿望二、虚拟语气怎么用（1）虚拟语气在非真实性条件句/虚拟条件句中的应用虚拟条件从句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+did/were（过去式）主语+should/would/could/might+do（动词原形）与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had（助动词）done（过去分词）主语+should/would/could/might+have(助动词)done与将来事实相反的假设If+主语+didIf+主语+weretodoIf+主语+shoulddo主语+should/would/could/might+do（动词原形）e.g.4.If(先行词)Iwere（无人称变化）you，Ishouldseizethechancetogoabroad.5.Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice，youwouldnothavefailedintheexams.6.IfProfessorLishouldhave（had/weretohave）timetomorrow，wecouldaskhimquestions.例题1.Whydidn’tyoutellmeaboutyourtroublelastweek?Ifyouhadtoldme,Icouldhavehelped.例题2.Wewouldbe(be)backinthehotelnowifyoudidn’tlosethemap.例题3.Sorry,Iamtoobusynow.IfI（D）time,Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutgoingwithyou.A.havehadB.hadhadC.haveD.had例题4.----DoyouthinkJohnhaspassedthedrivingtest?-----No.Ifso,he(C)hiscartoourcollegeyesterday.A.woulddriveB.droveC.wouldhavedrivenD.haddriven注意：在条件句中可省略if，且把were，should，had（需是助动词）提到句首，构成部分倒装（否定不用缩写）e.g.7.WereItwentynow，Iwouldjointhearmy。现在8.ShouldMr.Whitecall，whatwouldyousay?将来9.Hadwemadeagreateffort，wemighthavesucceeded.过去10.HadInotwarnedyou，youcouldhavebeenkilled.（not置于主语之后）过去例题5.Hadthegovermentsandscientistsnotworkedtogether,AIDS-relateddeathswouldnothavefallen(fall)sincetheirhighestin2005.标志词：now，tomorrow，lastnight总结：如何判断时态翻译真实条件句：这种条件句实现的可能性非常大，在条件句中常用表示现在的某种时态代替表示将来时时态提示词：if，unless用法1）主将从现；2)主句有情态动词，从句用一般现在时；3)主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时。e.g.IfIhavetime,I’llcomeovertoseeyou.Ifweleavenow,wecanstillcatchthebus.（2）错综时间条件句中虚拟语气的使用（混合虚拟语气）当从句的动作与主句的动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据其所表达的时间做出相应的调整。e.g.11.Ifyouhadstudied（过去）hardbefore，youwouldbe（现在）acollegestudentnow.12.Ifthedoctorhadn’ttried（过去）hisbesttosaveyou，youwouldn’tbe（现在）standingherenow.13.IfIwere（现在）you，Iwouldn’thavemissed（过去）thefilmlastnight.例题6.Ifwe(D)atableearlier,wewouldn’tbestandinghereinaqueue.A.havebookedB.bookedC.bookD.hadbooked（3）含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的使用（主句虚拟）有时条件句并不是用if引导的从句表示，而是通过一些词或短语表示，如without，butfor,but,otherwise,or（否则）等。e.g.14.Butforyouradvice，Icouldnothavedoneitsosuccessfully.15.Wecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftimewithoutyourhelp.16.Ishouldhavecometomeetyou，butIwasreallybusy.例题7.Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Heimingway(D)hisfamousnovelAFarewelltoArms.A.didn’twriteB.hadn’twrittenC.wouldn’twriteD.wouldn’thavewritten（4）见提示词表建议、愿望、命令、坚持含义的词，用虚拟语气动词用（should）+do提示词：一、坚持（insist）二、命令（order，command）三、建议（suggest，advise，propose）四、要求（demand，desire，request，require）五、其他（necessary，natural，important，plan）e.g.17.Hesuggestedthatwe（should）startoff（出发，动身，开始从事）earlythenextday（明天）.18.Theyinsitedthattheboy（should）gowiththem.19.Itisnecessarythathe（should）besentthereatonce.20.Mysuggestionisthatwe（should）sendafewpeopletohelpthem.注意：①suggest作“建议”讲时，表示一种意见时，应用虚拟语气；若作“表明，暗示”解，用于陈述一种实际情况的时候，从句用陈述语气。e.g.21.Whathesaidsuggestedthathewasafraud.②insist作“坚持要求”解，表示一种要求、请求时，应用虚拟语气；若insist作“坚持认为”解，用于陈述一种看法、实情时，从句用陈述语气。e.g.22.Heinsistedthathewasinnocent.例题8.Whenthepoicearelookinginto（调查）acaseitisessential（基本的）thatallthefacts(B)first.A.areexamined(检查)B.beexaminedC.shouldexamineD.wereexamined例题9.Sherequestedthatnoone(D)herdecisionuntilthenextmeeting.A.toldB.tellC.toldofD.betoldof例题10.Mymomsuggeststhatweshouldeatoutforachangethisweekend.（5）虚拟语气在其他从句及一些固定句式中的用法与现在事实相反were/did①主语+wish+从句与过去事实相反haddone与将来事实相反would/coulddoe.g.23.Wewishwehadpaidmoreattentiontoit.24.IwishIwereabird.25.Iwishhewouldtryagain.②在ifonly(要是……就好了)引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望现在：were/did过去：haddone将来：woulddoe.g.26.Lookatthetroublewearein.Ifonlywehadtakenourteacher’sadvice.注意：区别onlyif（只有，表条件）e.g.27.Itoldhimhewouldsucceedonlyifhetriedhard.虚拟语气，谓语动词were/did（现在）had③主句+asif（though）（仿佛，好像）+从句done（过去），would/coulddo（将来）陈述语气，谓语动词用正常时态e.g.28.Thetwonewcomerstalkedasiftheyhadknowneachotherforyears.29.Itlooksasifitisn’tcleanenoughtoswimhere.例题11.ItwasJohnwhobrokenthewindow.WhyareyoutalkingtomeasifIhaddoneit.④It’stime+从句It’s（high/about）time（that）sbdid/shoulddosth.某人该做……了。e.g.30.It’stimethatwestopped/shouldstopthispractice.例题12.Jakeisagreattalker.It’shightimethathe(D)somethinginterestedofjusttalking.A.willdoB.hasdoneC.doD.didwere/did（现在）⑤宁愿wouldrather/prefer（that）sbhaddone（过去）were/did（将来）e.g.31.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.32.Iwouldratherhehadpassedtheexam.