高中英语语法复习专题英语句子概论1.句子的成分主语:谓语:宾语:宾语补足语:表语:表示句子说的是什么人或什么事,由名,代,数,不定式,动名词,短语或句子充当位于句首。说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样由动词或动词词组充当,位于主语后。表示动作行为的对象,通常位于及物动词和介词后面。补充宾语的成分,通常位于宾语后。由形容词,名词,介词短语等充当。说明主语的性质或特征,位于系动词之后。以上的成分称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2--4个基本成分。定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Tomisaboywholikesmusicverymuch.(形容词)(分词)(名词)(代词)(不定式)(动名词)(介词短语)(从句)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。通常有副词,介词短语和从句充当.状语种类如下:Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(时间状语)(原因状语)(条件状语)(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.Iamtallerthanheis.方式状语伴随状语目的状语结果状语让步状语比较状语同位语:对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释.ThatisMr.Chen,ourEnglishteacher.插入语:对一句话作一些附加的解释.Tobehonest,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.定语,状语,同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分。2.句子的分类分类说明例句简单句由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。1.TomandIfoundherthere.2.Weallbreathe,eatandwork.并列句由并列连词(and,so,but,or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。1.Helikeseggs,buthedoesn’tlikechickens.2.Workhardoryouwillfallbehind.复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子1.Ibelieveyouareright.2.Ifyoustudyharder,youwillpasstheexam.1)她喜欢集邮.2)食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口.3)我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了.Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.翻译下列句子:判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom.4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.简单句复合句简单句简单句5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant.9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.并列句复合句并列句复合句简单句简单句3.简单句基本句型英语五种基本句型列式如下:基本句型一:S+V(主+谓)基本句型二:S+V+P(主+系+表)基本句型三:S+V+O(主+谓+宾)基本句型四:S+V+O1+O2(主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型五:S+V+O+C(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一S+V(主+谓)1.Time2.Thesun3.Theman4.Everybodyflies.rises.cooked.laughed.此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语---定语,谓语可有修饰语---状语,如,Theredsunrisesintheeast.基本句型二S+V+P(主+系+表)1.He2.Thedinner3.Theweatherissmellsbecametallandstrong.good.warmer.此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。系动词有三类:1.表示特征和存在状态的:be,seem,appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste2.表状态延续的:remain,stay,keep,continue,stand3.表状态变化的:become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow基本句型三S+V+O(主+谓+宾)SV(及物动词)O(宾语)1.Who2.She3.I4.I5.Iknowslaughatwantdon’tknowenjoytheanswer?her.tohaveacupoftea.whattodo.livinghere.此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,必须跟一个宾语,才能使意思完整,而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异常复杂。基本句型四S+V+IO+O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)SV(及物)o(多指人)O(多指物)1.I2.Heshowedboughthimmemypictures.abeautifulskirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(多指物),另一个是动作的间接宾语(多指人)。若要先说出直接宾语,后说间接宾语,则要借助与介词to或for。Heboughtmeabeautifulskirt.Heboughtabeautifulskirtforme.用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等(需借助for的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing等。基本句型五S+V+O+C(主+谓+宾+宾补)SV(及物)O(宾语)C(宾补)1.We2.They3.We4.Ikeepcallaskedsawthetablesupperhimthemclean.dinner.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外,还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语,才能使意思完整。注意:用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,是英语常用句型。即主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如,Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.常用于此句型的动词有:think,believe,consider,suppose,find,feel,make使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1.他感到很难跟你交谈。2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。3.学校定了一条规则,开始上课时学生要起立。4.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。1.Hefeltitverydifficulttotalkwithyou.2.Iconsideritpossibletoworkouttheprobleminanotherway.3.Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.4.Ithoughtitnousetalkingwiththatman1.Youaresittingonthetrainhome.2.Therecomesthebus!3.Theego’spotentialforexpansionislimitless.4.BreckenridgehoststheinternationalSnowSculptureChampionships.5.Ourneighborsgaveusababybirdyesterday.6.Wethinkitourdutytostudywell.主+谓(S+V)主+谓(S+V)主+系+表(S+V+P)主+谓+宾(SVO)主+谓+间宾+直宾(SVOiOd)主+谓+宾+补(SVOC)判断下列句子属于何种句式.Exercises:更正下列句子的错误Exercises:1.Hecametheroom.2.Themusicsounds.3.Ihaveseen.4.Hegaveapenme.5.Thebossmadetheboytoworkhard.6.Myfatherboughtabooktome.1.Hecameintotheroom.2.Themusicsoundswonderful.3.Ihaveseenthefilm.4.Hegaveapentome.5.Thebossmadetheboyworkhard.6.Myfatherboughtabookforme.Exercises:翻译下列句子并分析句子结构:1.我经常在早晨读英语。2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.我的老师交给我一封信。4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5.我们叫我们的老师王先生6.他正在房里做家庭作业。1.IoftenreadEnglishinthemorning.2.Maryisacleverstudent.3.Myteachergavemealetter.4.Mymotheroftenasksmetostudyhard.5.WecallourteacherMr.Wang.6.Heisdoinghishomeworkintheroom.主+谓+宾主+系+表主+谓+双宾主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+宾英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。Homework: