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国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit4MakingaLiving,MakingaDifferenceBook3A|Mostpeoplerunawaywhentheyseeapoisonoussnake—butnottheIrulasofIndia.Forgenerations,theIrulasmadetheirlivingcatchingwildsnakes.Thesnakes’skinsweresoldandmadeintoluxurygoodssuchashandbagsandboots.Thenin1972,theIndianParliamentadoptedtheWildlifeProtectionAct,andthebasisoftheIrulas’economywassuddenlyillegal.SomeIrulasgotjobsasfarmlaborers,butmanyfoundthemselvesoutofwork.TobecontinuedListening1Thesolutioncamein1978withthecreationoftheIrulaSnakeCatchersIndustrialCooperativeSociety,whosemembersusetheirsnakehuntingskillstocatchsnakes.However,thesnakesarenolongersoldfortheirskins.Thecooperativehasfoundabetteruseforthedangeroussnakes.Listening1A|&C|Goodafternoonandthankyouforinvitingmetospeak.MynameisMarshaNolan,andI’mthedirectorofWorldwideCo-op.Ihope,Ihopethatsomeofyouhaveheardofourorganization.WorldwideCo-opexiststosupportcooperativeenterprisesofallkinds,andtoday,today,I’dliketogiveyousomeinformationaboutaco-opinIndia.It’sanunusualco-opsinceitwasformedinresponsetowildlifeprotectionmeasures.Sinceallofyouherearemembersofwildlifeorganizations,Iknowyou’llbeinterestedinthis.TobecontinuedListening1Allright.Thestory.Thestorybeginsin1972.ThatwastheyearthatIndiatookamajorstepinwildlifeprotection.Sofar,sogood,right?Well,theWildlifeProtectionActwasn’tsogoodforasmalltribecalledtheIrulas,whomadetheirlivingcatchingsnakes,suchastheIndiancobra,whichweresoldfortheirskins.Evenbefore1972,theIrulaslivedinrelativepoverty,despitebeingsomeoftheonlypeopleinIndiawiththenecessaryskillstocatchpoisonoussnakes.After1972,thingswentfrombadtoworse.Whathappenednext,however,couldserveasamodelformanyplaces.TheIrulasbecameentrepreneurs.Withmorethan30,000deathsfromsnakebitesinIndiaeachyear,thereisahugedemandforvenom.It’susedtoproduceantivenin—theonlyknowncureforpoisonoussnakebites.TobecontinuedListening1TheIrulasknewhowtohandlecobras,sotheydecidedtocooperateandworktogether.TheyformedtheIrulaSnakeCatchersIndustrialCooperativeSociety,andtheywerebackinthesnakebusiness.Thesedays,theIrulascatchsnakesjustasthey’vedoneforgenerations,butnow,theycarefullymilkthesnakes’venombeforereturningthemtothewild.Thesnakestheycatcharenotkilled,andtheIrulasearnmoremoneyfromthevenomthantheyusedtogetforthesnakes’skins.Evenbetter—theco-opmembersareallowners,sothere’snolongera“middleman”gettingrichfromtheIrulas’hardwork.AllofthewealthgeneratedbythesaleofvenomstaysintheIrulacommunity.TobecontinuedListening1ThereasonI’mtellingyouallofthisissimple:TheideasbehindtheIrulas’co-opcanbeusedinmanyplaces.Afterall,theIrulashavefoundaneffectiveandsustainablewaytousewildanimalsfortheirownbenefit.Insteadofbeingkilled,thesnakesarestayingalive,andthey’rebenefitingpeopleinmorethanoneway.Now,IknowthatI’mspeakingtoadiversegroupofpeople.Thedifferentspeciesthatyouwanttoprotectcan’tallbemilkedfortheirvenom.Butwhatallofyoucandoistoassessyoursituation.Ifendangeredanimalsinyourcountryarebeingkilledandsold,it’simportanttounderstandthereasons—theeconomicbenefitsthatcomefromkillingtheanimals.Youmightfindanotherway,someotherwayforpeopletoearnevenmoremoneythanbeforebynotkillingtheanimals.Listening1Ifyouneedhelpwithanyofthis,WorldwideCo-ophasmanyinformationresources.So,pleasefeelfreetovisittheWebsite,sendanemail,orgivemeacall.Listening1B|Professor:OK,let’sgetstarted.Todayisourquestionandanswersessionwithourguestspeaker,DonaldYates,whohasquiteabitofexperiencewithcharityorganizations.Thisisyourchancetohavesomeofyourquestionsanswered,solet’snotwasteanytime.Mr.Yates?GuestSpeaker:Hi,everyone.I,I’dliketostartbythankingyouforinvitingmehere.I’malwayshappytogetoutoftheoffice.Yourprofessor’sright.I’veworkedforseveralcharitableorganizationsovertheyears.NowI’mmoreinterestedinthecashtransferprograms,sothat’swhatI’m,I’mdoingmyresearchonnow.Who’dliketoaskthefirstquestion?Listening2A|&B|FemaleProfessor:OK,let’sgetstarted.Todayisourquestionandanswersessionwithourguestspeaker,DonaldYates,whohasquiteabitofexperiencewithcharityorganizations.Thisisyourchancetohavesomeofyourquestionsanswered,solet’snotwasteanytime.Mr.Yates?GuestSpeaker:Hi,everyone.I,I’dliketostartbythankingyouforinvitingmehere.I’malwayshappytogetoutoftheoffice.Yourprofessor’sright.I’veworkedforseveralcharitableorganizationsovertheyears.NowI’mmoreinterestedinthecashtransferprograms,sothat’swhatI’m,I’mdoingmyresearchonnow.Who’dliketoaskthefirstquestion?TobecontinuedListening2FemaleStudent1:Yes,withcashtransferprograms,doyou,doyouknowwhetherpeoplereallyusethemoneyforimportantthings?Imean,itseemslikepeoplemightnotspendthemoneyresponsibly.GuestSpeaker:A...alotofpeopleaskmethat,butaccordingtomyresearch,peoplelivinginpovertymakeverygooddecisionsabouthowtospendtheirmoney.Theyalmostneverbuythingstheydon’tneed.Instead,mothersbuythingsfortheirchildren—schooluniformsornotebooks—e,evenmedicine.Orafarmermightbuyanewtooltohelpwiththeharvest.Withcashtransferprograms,poorpeoplethemselvesdecidewhattheyneedthemost,sotheoutcomesoftheseprogramshavebeenverygood.Yes?TobecontinuedListening2MaleStudent1:Yes,si