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国际交流英语视听说国际交流英语视听说Unit5AWorldofWordsBook3Welcomeback,everyone.Areyouallreadyfortheessayexamnextweek?OK,“nocomment,”Iguess.Well,today’s,today’slectureonthepoetBashōcouldbeabighelptoyou.Aswediscussedlasttime,Bashōisknowntodayforhishaiku.Butdidyouknowthathaikucamefromanearlierformofpoetrycalledhaikai?That’swhatBashōwaswritingintheearlypartofhiscareer.Now,wedon’tknowalotaboutBashō’searlylife,butwedoknowhestudiedpoetrywithafamouspoetinKyoto.WealsoknowthatChinesepoetryandtheprinciplesofTaoismhadtheirinfluenceonBashō.Asanaside,mywifeandIspentseveralweeksinJapanrightafter,rightafterwegotmarried,andwewenttotheareawhereBashōwasborn.TobecontinuedListening1WegottoseetheUenoCastle—anamazing,amazingplace!ItwasbuiltbeforeBashōwasborn,soit’ssomethinghewouldhaveseen,too.It,itgave,itgavemesomerealinsightsinto17thcenturyJapan.Butgettingbacktoourtopic,haikaipoemsaregroupsofverses,versesorparagraphs,youcouldsay,alllinkedtogether.TheyweremorelikethepoemsofShakespeare,forexample—fairlylong,theywerefairlylongandwithasetformula,orstructure.Theshorthaikuformdevelopedfromthe...fromthefirstverseofthehaikai,andBashōhadenoughhaikupublishedtogetprettyfamous.HesoonhadhisownwritingschoolinEdo,nowcalledOldTokyo,andthatbecameknownastheBashōSchool.TobecontinuedListening1Thatremindsme—Bashōwasnotthepoet’sfamilyname.HegotthenameBashōfroma—fromaspeciesofbananatreethatwasplantednearhishouse!OK,gettingbacktowhatIwassaying,thehaikudevelopedfromthelongerhaikai,butBashō’smostfamousbooksarenotcollectionsofhaiku.They’rea…they’reinaformcalledhaibun,whichisahaikufollowedbyprose.Thebooksarekindoflikecollectionsofessays—eachessaybeginningwithahaiku.Bashōwrotethesebooks,hewrotethesebookswhilehewastraveling,andhedidalotoftraveling.In1689,BashōwalkedforfivemonthsthroughthevillagesandmountainsnorthofEdoandalongthecoastoftheSeaofJapan.TobecontinuedListening1Duringthisjourney,Bashōproducedhismasterwork,NarrowRoadtoaFarProvince.ThemodernpoetMiyazawaKenjisaidthisaboutthebook,“ItwasasiftheverysoulofJapanhadwrittenit.”Thebookisacollectionofhaibun,andBashō’swritingreflectstheeverydayproblemsoftravel,likelyingawakeatnight,lyingawakeatnightinabedfulloffleas,withahorsemakingnoiseoutside.Honestly,that’swhathewroteabout!Butthebookisalsofullofinsightsintonature,life,anddeath—prettybigthemes.Heisabletoturnhisobservationsontheoutsideworld—ontheexternalworldintoveryinsightfulcommentsondeepersubjects.Listening1Professor:OK.Well,thisisourlastdiscussionsessionbeforetheexam,so—awordtothewise—nowisthetimeforyoutoaskyourquestionsaboutBashō.You’llremember,you’llrememberthatinmylastlecture,ItoldyoualittleaboutBashō’slife,andalsoabouttheformsofpoetryandprosethathewrote.Student1:Ihaveaquestion.Professor:Great.Student1:Youmentionedaformof,um,writingcalledhaibun.Woulditbecorrect...woulditbeaccuratetosaythathaibunisbothpoetryandprose?Professor:Yes,that’scorrect.Ahaibunbeginswithahaiku,whichisashortpoem.That’sfollowedbyprose—ashortessaythatcontainsthewriter’sobservationsaboutlife.TobecontinuedListening2Student1:So,didhe,didBashōinventthehaibun?Professor:Hedidn’tinventit,buthewasoneofthefirstwriterstousetheform,andhewrotealotofhaibun.Eventually,Bashōgainedareputationasarealmasterofhaibun.OK,otherquestions?Student2:Yes,Iwas,Iwaswondering...youmentionedthatanolderformofJapanesepoetrycalledhaikaiwassimilartoShakespeare’spoetry.Couldyouexplainthat?Professor:Sure.I’mgladyouaskedaboutthat.Ididn’twanttoconfuseanyone,becauseeventhoughShakespearewasacontemporaryoftheearlyJapanesepoetswhowrotehaikai,theydidn’thaveany,theydidn’thaveanyinfluenceoneachother.Inotherwords,theJapanesepoetswerenotreadingShakespeare’spoems,orviceversa.TobecontinuedListening2Student2:So,howaretheysimilar?Professor:Thehaikaiwerelongerpoems,andtheyfollowedaveryspecificformula.Eachversehadacertainnumberoflines,andtherewasasetnumberofversesineachpoem.Asanaside,thehaikaicamefromapreviousformcalledrenga.Thatwasreallyformalpoetry,whereashaikai,haikaiwereforthecommonpeopletoread.Butgettingbacktoourtopic,Shakespeare’ssonnetswerealsofairlylongpoemswithasetnumberofversesandlines.Student3:CanI,canIaskaquestion?Professor:Absolutely!That’swhatwe’reherefor.Student3:Well,IhavetoadmitthatIdon’treallyget...Idon’treallyunderstandBashō’shaiku.Imean...so,afrogjumpsintothewater...and?TobecontinuedListening2Professor:That’sagoodquestion,andittakesusbacktoBashō’sinfluences.Remember—hereadalotofChinesepoetry,andhelearnedaboutTaoism.Hethoughtthatnaturehadlessonstoteachusifwesatquietly,ifwejustsatquietlyandlistened.HealsostudiedZenBuddhism.Hewasadeepthinker,andforhim,thehaikureflectedthetruththatcanbefoundinnature.Doesthathelp?Student3:Well,maybeit’sbecauseI’mnotJapanese.Professor:Thatcouldbe.Bashō’shaikuarewelllovedinJapan.JustabouteverypersonImetthereknowsatleastoneBashōhaiku.Listening2Humanbeingshavebeenaroundfortensofthousandsofyears.Butmanyancientpeopleleftverylittlebehindwhentheydied.Thefirsttruecivilizations—societieswithcomplexeconomiesandadvancedlevelsofcultureandscience—developedinMesopotamia,betweentheTigrisandEuphratesrive