托福阅读基础班讲义printed version

托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625TianXinxiao1TableofContentsⅠ.BasicReadingRequirements....................................................................................21.1.MaterialReference...........................................................................................21.2.Vocabulary.......................................................................................................21.3Sentence............................................................................................................71.3.1ParallelConstructions...........................................................................121.3.2Parentheticalsentence............................................................................131.3.3Phrases...................................................................................................131.3.4Appositons.............................................................................................161.3.5Attributiveclauses.................................................................................161.3.6Complexsentences.................................................................................17Ⅱ.EffectiveReadingPractice......................................................................................202.1Coherence.......................................................................................................202.2.Structure.........................................................................................................23Ⅲ.CriticalReadingPractice........................................................................................243.1Distinguishfactfromopinion..........................................................................243.2Topic(generalization)andmainidea...............................................................253.3.Purposeandinference....................................................................................26Tableofwordswithvariousmeanings:.......................................................................28TableofCorrelativewords...........................................................................................29Complexsentencesforpractice...................................................................................30VocabularywithContexts............................................................................................34TianXinxiao2Ⅰ.BasicReadingRequirements1.1.MaterialReference•§BuildingSkillsfortheTOEFLiBT(NorthStar)•§OldTOEFLReadingPassages•§OldTOEFLVocabulary•§EffectiveReadinginaChangingWorld1.2.Vocabulary•§Howmanywords?•§Howtopromoteefficiency?•§Whatkindsofwords?•√multivocalwords•√abstractwords•√academicwords•√correlativewords√multivocalwords•Littletest:1.TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,bards,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes-notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.2.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties’mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwildgame,andtheyalsofurnishedwool,leather,andlandtransport.3.Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.4.Mostmachines,nomatterhowcomplextheymaybe,arecombinationsoftheleverandtheinclinedplane.5.IntheforegroundrosetheGongtangPagodawithitsdazzlinggildedstuparisingabovearectangularseriesofgreentiledslopingroofs.Beyond,leadinguptothemountainslaythefabledLabrangMonastery.Surroundingtheentirecomplexstretchedareddish-brownwall,severalTianXinxiao3kilometerslong,linedwithhundredsofprayerwheels.•Moreaboutmultivocalwords:1.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability-----rents.2.ThefirstwellsweredrilledintotheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930’s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe1950’sonward,transformedtheeconomyoftheregion.3.TheauthormentionstheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxasanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksofwearimplythatitwasusedbyaright-handedperson4.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.5.Blackwasconsideredinappropriatebecauseofitsassociationwithdeath.6.Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures.7.Asafamouswoman,Fengjie’sdispositionhasbeenmarkedasextremeself-confidence.ThedispositionofFurong’s“S”posturecannotmatchupwithFengjie’ssuddenturnofherfacewithacharmingsmile.Thedispositionofallthesenationaltreasuresoverseashasignitedtheadmirationofforeignnewsagency,suchasthereportofBrothersharp.8.Passedfromgenerationtogenerationbyw