语篇连贯与衔接-3

CoherenceinParagraphWritingCoherenceInadditiontounity,everygoodparagraphmustalsohavecoherence.Coherenceisconnectionandconsistency.Acoherentparagraphisoneinwhichallthesentencesarerelatedlogicallyandgrammaticallytomakeawholethatallowsthereadertofollowthewriter’strainofthoughtstepbystep.CoherenceCoherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.Inacoherentparagraph,eachsentencerelatesclearlytothetopicsentenceorcontrollingidea,butthereismoretocoherencethanthis.Ifaparagraphiscoherent,eachsentenceflowssmoothlyintothenextwithoutobviousshiftsorjumps.Acoherentparagraphalsohighlightsthetiesbetweenoldinformationandnewinformationtomakethestructureofideasorargumentscleartothereader.CoherenceExample:JohnnyboughtaFord.AcarinwhichPresidentWilsonroaddowntheChampsElysees(香榭丽舍大道)wasblack.BlackEnglishhasbeenwidelydiscussed.Thediscussionbetweenthepresidentsendedlastweek.Aweekhassevendays.EverydayIfeedmycat.Catshavefourlegs.Thecatisonthemat.Mathasthreeletters.CoherenceCoherencemeansthattheideasinyourparagraphshouldflowsmoothlyfromonesentencetothenexttomakeclear,logicpointsaboutyoursubject.Yourparagraphshouldnotbealistofsimplesentenceswritteninrandomorder;instead,thereadershouldbeabletofolloweasilywhatyouhavewrittenandseequicklyhoweachsentencegrowsoutofeachprevioussentenceindevelopingthesubjectoftheparagraph.CoherencethroughPronounReferencePronounsYoucancreateacoherentparagraphbyusingpronounstoreferbacktoprecedingnounsintheparagraph.Forinstance,youcanuse:He/sheThey/theirIt/itsThis/that/those/theseExample:Thewriterwroteanovel.Hethensolditapublisher.CoherencethroughRepetitionExample：Therewasacatonthetable.Thecatwassmiling.Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbeperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytillallarehappy.Here'sashortexampleofstructuralrepetitionfromtheplayGettingMarried,byGeorgeBernardShaw:Therearecoupleswhodislikeoneanotherfuriouslyforseveralhoursatatime;therearecoupleswhodislikeoneanotherpermanently;andtherearecoupleswhoneverdislikeoneanother;buttheselastarepeoplewhoareincapableofdislikinganybody.CoherencethroughRepetitionThisdeviceofrepeatingkeywordsorphrasescanbeextremelyhelpfulinlinkingsentencesandgivingcoherencetoaparticularparagraph.Butrepetitionisonlyeffectivewhenithighlightsourmainideasandmakesthereader’sjobeasier.Carelessrepetition,repetitionwithoutapurpose,clustersourwritingwithuselesswordsandphrases.CoherencethroughSuperordinateExample:Yesterday,apigeoncarriedthefirstmessagefromPinhursttoSilbury.Thebirdcoveredthedistanceinthreeminutes.BrazilwasevenmoreseverelyhitbythedepressionthanotherLatinAmericanstatesandthecountrywasonthevergeofcompletecollapse.CoherencethroughSynonymsExample:Hegotalotofpeasantsfromhisfriendsandfamily.Allthegiftswerewrappedincoloredpaper.Themeetingcommencedatsixthirty.Butfromthemomentitbegan,itwasclearthatallwasnotwell.CoherencethroughTransitionalExpressionsYoucancreateacoherentparagraphbyusingtransitionalwordsatthebeginningofrelatedsentenceswithintheparagraph.Transitionalwordsandphrasesconnectsentencesandparagraphstoeachother.Withinaparagraph,transitionsprovidecoherence.Theygivethesensethattheparagraphcontainsonemainidea.Theyalsocreateasmoothflowfromonesentencetothenext,orbridgefromonedetailorsupportingpieceofinformationtothenext.TransitionalExpressionsTransitionalwordsandphrasesshowtherelationshipofonesentenceorclausetoanother.Thesesignalsspeedupthereader’sunderstandingandtietogetherideasbeforethereaderhasachancetoforgetthem.Hereisalistofcommonlyusedtransitionalexpressions.TransitionalExpressionsTheseexpressionscanbeusedwithinparagraphstoshowtherelationshipsbetweenclausesandsentences,andtheycanbeusedwithinessaystoshowhowparagraphsrelatetoeachother.TransitionalExpressionsToshowtimeandsequence:meanwhile,eventually,soon,later,first,second,then,finally,also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,tooTocompareandcontrast:likewise,similarly,inthesameway,however,nevertheless,still,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,evensoTransitionalExpressionsToshowcauseandeffect:therefore,asaresult,accordingly,consequently,thus,hence,otherwiseToofferexamplesandconclusions:forinstance,forexample,afterall,infact,ofcourseinconclusion,inotherwords,onthewhole,inshorttoconclude,tosummarizeTogivearestatementinotherwords,inshort,insimplerterms,thatis,toputitdifferentlySampleForsomepeople,highschoolandcollegeareawasteoftime.Forexample,afriendofminewasanAstudentthroughouthighschool.Asaresult,hewasacceptedintocollegewithoutanytrouble.Hestudiedhardforfouryears.Eventually,hereceivedadegreeandenteredthejobmarket.However,hewasunabletogetajobinhisfieldofstudy,eventhoughheappliedeverywhere.Finally,hewasforcedtoapplyforajobwhichrequirednoneoftheskillshehadobtainedinschool.Consequently,Ihavebecomeconvincedthathighschoolandcollegearenotalwaysthebestpreparationfortherealworld.1.first,second,third,last2.firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally3.inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly4.tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally5.tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally6.firstan