语篇连贯与衔接-6

WritingWorkingtowardcoherenceICoherenceinaparagraphreferstothewaythesentencesarearrangedandtotheirrelationshiptooneanother.Whenaparagraphiscoherent,thesentencesarearrangedinaclearandlogicalorder,thetransitionsaresmoothandnatural,andideasflowsmoothlyandgracefullyfromonesentencetothenext.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriter’sINTRODUCTIONtrainofthought.Generally,therearetwodevicesthatwillhelpyouachievecoherenceinyourwriting:—transitionalwordsandphrasesthatshowspecifickindsofrelationships—therepetitionoforreferencetokeyterms.Transitionalwordsandphrasessignalspecifickindsofrelationshipsbetweenthepartsofsentences,betweensentencesinaparagraph,andbetweenparagraphsinaHerearesomeofthemostcommontransitionalwordsandphrasesandtherelationshipstheyshow.longercomposition.toshowaddition:and,too,also,again,aswellas,besides,inaddition,additionally,moreover,further,furthermore,both…and…,notonly…butalso...Toshowconcession:although,though,eventhough,evenif,regardlessof,inspiteof,despiteToshowtimeonce,before,after,afterward,always,when,atonce,assoonas,tobeginwith,first(second,third),inthemeantime,atthesametime,simultaneously,inthepast(future),later,then,next,until,atlast,finally,eventually,ultimately,fromthenon,sincethenToshowplaceinfrontof,ontheotherside,behind,inside,outside,nearby,nextto,opposite,beyond,below,under,atthispointToshowresultbecause,so,since,asthus,hence,asaresult(consequence),forthisreason,consequently,accordingly,therefore,onaccountof,byvirtueof,onthegroundof/that---Tocompareandcontrastsimilarly,inthesameway,likewise,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,but,yet,neverthelessToillustrateorexplainforexample,forinstance,namely,inparticular,suchas,thatis,toillustrateToemphasizeindeed,infact,aboveall,ofcourse,unquestionably,mostimportantly,lastbutnotleast,specificallyTosummarizeinbrief,inotherwords,inshort,ashasbeensaid,onthewhole,tosumup,inconclusionA:Readthefollowingparagraphandidentifythetransitionalwordsinit.Nowadays,underthenewtuitionsystem,anincreasingnumberofstudents,especiallythosepoverty-strickenstudents,nowseemtobedefeatedbythetakingtuitionburden.Therefore,manypeoplecomplainthatthenewtuitionsystemkeepspoverty-strickenstudentsawayfromcollege.However,inmyopinion,thenewtuitionsystemdoesaddmuchdifficultiestothepoorstudentsbutitwillneverespeciallyTherefore,However,butkeepsthemawayfromcollege.First,incarryingoutthenewtuitionsystem,thegovernmentalshouldprovidesomespecialpolicyforpoorstudent.Besides,theyareentitledtotakealoanfrombanksordosomepart-timejobsduringtheirsparetime,suchasweekendsandholidays.Finally,theycantrytowinscholarshipbyadditionalefforts.Inshort,manproposes,andGoddisposes.Noonewillbekeptoutofcollegeduetofinancialburdenunlessheisdefeatedbyhimself.First,Besides,suchasFinallyInshortunlessB.Supplythetransitionsthathavebeenleftoutofthefollowingparagraph.Thenrereadtheparagraphandnotehowthetransitionalexpressionscontributetocoherence.ATMhas______favorable_____unfavorableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,it’sconvenient.DepositorscandrawmoneyfromanATMwithoutfillinginadrawingformorshowingtheIDcard._________,it’ssafe.Depositorsneedn’tcarrythemoneywiththem._____________________,depositorsboth...andontheotherhandthereforeTobeginwithBesidesMostimportantofallTomakemattersworsebothandBesidesMostimportantofallwillneverworryaboutthefakemoney,__________,theycanalwayssettheirheartatease.But________________,ATMalsohasmanydisadvantages.______________,itoftenbringstroubleswheneveradepositorforgetshissecretcode.____________________,ifadepositordoesn’toperateitproperly,hiscardwillgetstuckorbeswallowed.both...andontheotherhandthereforeTobeginwithBesidesMostimportantofallTomakemattersworsethereforeontheotherhandTobeginwithTomakemattersworseWorkingtowardcoherenceIIWritingAsyouwrite,youwillconstantlylookbackbyreferringtoconceptsoritemsthatyouhavealreadymentioned.Toavoidconfusionresultingfromneedlessrepetitionoftermsorideasmentionedpreviously,youusedevicessuchas:pronounreferencesubstitutionsynonymsderivativesgeneraltermforaspecifickeywordoraspecifictermforageneralkeywordPronounreference:Whenyoumakerepeatedmentionofaparticularitem,youuseapronouninreferencetoit,insteadofnamingitagain.Thepronounsyoumayuseareeitherpersonal(he,she,it,they…),demonstrative(this,that,these…)orrelative(who,whom,which…).Eachteenagerisexpectedtocoverhisorherownexpensesforarticlesforpersonaluse,entertainment,long-distancetelephonecallsandclothing.Towardsthis,theyshouldbudgetbetween$200to$300amonth.(Para.6)Basically,moststudentsleaveknowingtheywillhavetodowithouttheiraccustomedparentalprotectionandlearntotakecareofthemselves.However,noonepackshisorherbagsalone.(Para.7)EveryyeartheUnitedStatesishosttoanaverageof78,000foreignhighschoollevelstudents,ofwhich3,000areBrazilian.Allofthemgoforthesamereason—tobecomefluentinEnglish,completehighschool,andunderstandeverythingtheycanabouttheAmericanwayoflife.(Para.3)=78,000foreignhighschoollevelstudentsSubstitution:Substitutioncanalsobeusedtoavoiduselessrepetition.Comm