The Nobel Prize

AlfredBernhardNobelAlfredBernhardNobelStockholm,SwedenOctober21,1833-December10,1896·Engineer·innovator·armaments（武器）manufacturer·theinventorofdynamite（甘油炸药）Hislifetime,hereceived355inventionpatents,andin20countriessuchasEuropeandtheUnitedStateshasalsocreatedsome100companiesandfactories,andaccumulatedenormouswealth.AlfredNobel(1833-1896)wasborninStockholm,Sweden,onOctober21,1833.HisfamilywasdescendedfromOlofRudbeck,thebest-knowntechnicalgeniusinSwedeninthe17thcentury,anerainwhichSwedenwasagreatpowerinnorthernEurope.Nobelwasfluentinseverallanguages,andwrotepoetryanddrama.Nobelwasalsoveryinterestedinsocialandpeace-relatedissues,andheldviewsthatwereconsideredradicalduringhistime.AlfredNobel'sinterestsarereflectedintheprizeheestablished.AlfredNobel’sdeathmaskAlfredNobel'swillsmanuscriptwilln.遗嘱manuscriptn.手稿；原稿adj.手写的TheoriginoftheNobelPrizeOnNovember27，1895,AlfredNobelsignedhislastwillandtestament,givingthelargestshareofhisfortunetoaseriesofprizesinPhysics,Chemistry,PhysiologyorMedicine,LiteratureandPeace-theNobelPrizes.In1968,SverigesRiksbank(Sweden'scentralbank)establishedTheSverigesRiksbankPrizeinEconomicSciencesinMemoryofAlfredNobel.·WhyisTheNobelPrizeawardedat4.30p.m.intheafternoon?TheNobelPrizeawardceremonyheldintheafternoontocommemoratethegreatNobelwhodiedat4:30p.m.inDecember10,1986.YearswithoutNobelPrizesSincethestart,in1901,therearesomeyearswhentheNobelPrizeshavenotbeenawarded.Thetotalnumberoftimesare49.MostofthemduringWorldWarI(1914-1918)andII(1939-1945).573NobelPrizesBetween1901and2015,theNobelPrizesandthePrizeinEconomicScienceswereawarded573times.PrizesettingofTheNoblePrizeTheNobelPrizeforphysicsNobelPrizeinChemistryTheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineNobelPrizeinliteratureTheNobelPeacePrizeThePrizeinEconomicSciencesTheNobelPrizeforphysicsAwardedto201NobelLaureatessince1901.PhysicswastheprizeareawhichAlfredNobelmentionedfirstinhiswill.Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,manypeopleconsideredphysicsastheforemostofthesciences,andperhapsNobelsawitthiswayaswell.Hisownresearchwasalsocloselytiedtophysics.Laureate：n.获奖者TheNobelPrizeinChemistryAwardedto172NobelLaureatessince1901.ChemistrywasthemostimportantscienceforAlfredNobel’sownwork.Thedevelopmentofhisinventionsaswellastheindustrialprocessesheemployedwerebaseduponchemicalknowledge.ChemistrywasthesecondprizeareathatNobelmentionedinhiswill.TheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineAwardedto210NobelLaureatessince1901AlfredNobelhadanactiveinterestinmedicalresearch.ThroughKarolinskaInstitutet,hecameintocontactwithSwedishphysiologistJönsJohanssonaround1890.JohanssonworkedinNobel'slaboratoryinSevran,Franceduringabriefperiodthesameyear.PhysiologyormedicinewasthethirdprizeareaNobelmentionedinhiswill.Awardedto112NobelLaureatessince1901AlfredNobelhadbroadculturalinterests.Duringhisearlyyouth,hedevelopedhisliteraryinterestswhichlastedthroughouthislife.Hislibraryconsistedofarichandbroadselectionofliteratureindifferentlanguages.Duringthelastyearsofhislife,hetriedhishandasanauthorandbeganwritingfiction.LiteraturewasthefourthprizeareaNobelmentionedinhiswill.NobelPrizeinliteratureTheNobelPeacePrizeAwardedto129NobelLaureatesSince1901.AlfredNobelwasinterestedinsocialissuesandwasengagedinthepeacemovement.HisacquaintancewithBerthavonSuttner(whowaslaterawardedthe1905NobelPeacePrize)influencedhisownviewsonpeace.Perhapshispeaceinterestwasalsobecausehisinventionswereusedinwarfareandassassinationattempts?PeacewasthefifthandfinalprizeareathatNobelmentionedinhiswill.ThePrizeinEconomicSciencesIn1968,SverigesRiksbank(Sweden'scentralbank)establishedthePrizeinEconomicSciencesinMemoryofAlfredNobel,founderoftheNobelPrize.ThePrizeisbasedonadonationreceivedbytheNobelFoundationin1968fromSverigesRiksbankontheoccasionoftheBank's300thanniversary.ThefirstPrizeinEconomicScienceswasawardedtoRagnarFrischandJanTinbergenin1969.ThePrizeinEconomicSciencesisawardedbytheRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciences,Stockholm,Sweden,accordingtothesameprinciplesasfortheNobelPrizesthathavebeenawardedsince1901.Awardedto76Laureatessince1969.Thanks!