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六、篇章结构类1.篇章结构类题目的特点篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。篇章结构题的题干表现形式有：(1)Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?(2)Inthenextpart，theauthorwouldmostprobablydiscusswithyou...(3)Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedby...(4)Howdoesthepassagedevelop?(5)Theauthoranswersthequestionraisedinthefirstparagraphwith...2.篇章结构类阅读理解的备考策略这种题型可分为两种：考查对文章整体结构的把握；考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。(1)对于文章——段落的发展方法题，关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等。一般可通过仔细阅读文章，并根据其内在逻辑关系及内容来进行判断。(2)对于推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件将要发表的观点题，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，同学们需要重点依据篇章最后一段(特别是最后一句话)作出判断。作者总会给读者充分的证据对文章的发展进行推测：或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，没讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。实例透析1.(2011·陕西卷·D)Eversincetheywerefirstputonthemarketintheearly1990s，geneticallymodified(GM，转基因)foodshavebeenincreasinglydevelopedandmarketedinmanycountriesintheworld，mainlyonthebasisoftheirpromisetoendtheworldwidefoodcrisis.ButcanGMtechnologysolveworldhungerproblems?Evenifitwould，isitthebestsolution?Despitewhatitpromises，GMtechnologyactuallyhasnotincreasedtheproductionpotential(潜力)ofanycrop.Infact，studiesshowthatthemostwidelygrownGMcrops，GMsoybeans，hassufferedreducedproductivity.Forinstance，areportthatanalysednearlytwodecadesofresearchonmajorGMfoodcropsshowsthatGMengineeringhasfailedtosignificantlyincreaseUScropproduction.Somethingelse，however，hasbeenontherise.WhileGMseedsareexpensive，GMcompaniestellfarmersthattheywillmakegoodprofitsbysavingmoneyonpesticides(杀虫剂).Onthecontrary，USgovernmentdatashowthatGMcropsintheUShaveproducedanoverallincreaseinpesticideusecomparedtotraditionalcrops.“Thepromisewasthatyoucoulduselesschemicalsandboostproduction.Butneitheristrue，”saidBillChristison，PresidentoftheUSNationalFamilyFarmCoalition.Atthesametime，theauthorsofthebookWorldHunger：TwelveMythsarguethatthereactuallyismorethanenoughfoodintheworldandthatthehungercrisisisnotcausedbyproduction，butbyproblemsinfooddistributionandpolitics.Theseindeeddeserveoureffortsandmoney.Meanwhile，theriseinfoodpricesresultsfromtheincreaseduseofcropsforfuelratherthanfood，accordingtoa2008WorldBankreport.Asamatteroffact，scientistsseebetterwaystofeedtheworld.AnotherWorldBankreportconcludedthatGMcropshavelittletooffertothechallengesofworldwidepovertyandhunger，becausebetterwaysoutareavailable，amongwhich“green”farmingissupposedtobethefirstchoice.57.Theauthordevelopsthesecondparagraphmainly.A.byclassificationB.bycomparisonC.byexampleD.byprocess解析第二段主要通过举例来证明观点，故应选C项。答案C2.(2010·安徽卷·E)Theneedtofeedagrowingpopulationisputtingmuchpressureontheworld’ssupplyofwater.With97%oftheworld’swatertoosaltytobedrunkorusedinagriculture，theworldwidesupplyofwaterneedscarefulmanagement，especiallyinagriculture.Althoughtheideaofawatershortage(短缺)seemsstrangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfallcountry，manyoftheworld’sagricultureindustriesexperienceconstantwatershortages.Althoughdamscanbebuilttostorewaterforagriculturaluseindryareasanddryseasons，thecostsofwaterredistribution(重新分配)areveryhigh.Notonlyistherethecostoftheengineeringitself，butthereisalsoanenvironmentalcosttobeconsidered.Wherevalleys(山谷)arefloodedtocreatedams，housesarelostandwildlifehomesdestroyed.Besides，watermayfloweasilythroughpipestofields，butitcannotbetransportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.Eachcountrymustthereforerelyonthemanagementofitsownwatertosupplyitsfarmingrequirements.Thisisparticularlytroublingforcountrieswithagriculturalindustriesinareasdependentonirrigation(灌溉).InTexas，farmers’overuseofirrigationwaterhasresultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.IntheCentralValleyareaofsouthwesternUSA，ahugewaterengineeringprojectprovidedwaterforfarmingindryvalleys，butmuchofthewaterusehasbeenpoorlymanaged.SaudiArabia’sattemptstogrowwheatindesertareashaveseenthepumpingofhugequantitiesofirrigationwaterfromundergroundreserves.Becausethereisnorainfallintheseareas，suchreservescanonlydecrease，anditisbelievedthatfiftyyearsofpumpingwillseethemrundry.74.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?A.Stepstoimprovewaterusemanagement.B.Waystoreducethecostsofbuildingdams.C.Measurestodealwithworldwidewatershortages.D.Approachestohandlethepressureonwatersupply.解析篇章结构类。文章论述了水资源匮乏的原因，可采取的措施及严峻的用水形式，本题A、B、C、D四项中极有可能再论述到的内容应是对有限的水资源的充分利用问题。答案A考题印证A(2011·安徽卷·B)Thinkaboutthedifferentwaysthatpeopleusethewind.Youcanuseittoflyakiteortosailaboat.Windisoneofourcleanestandrichestpowersources(来源)，aswellasoneoftheoldest.Evidenceshowsthatwindmills(风车)begantobeusedinancientIranbackintheseventhcenturyBC.TheywerefirstintroducedtoEuropeduringthe1100s，whenarmiesreturnedfromtheMiddleEastwithknowledgeofusingwindpower.Formanycenturies，peopleusedwindmillstogrind(磨碎)wheatintoflourorpumpwaterfromdeepunderground.Whenelectricitywasdiscoveredinthelate1800s，peoplelivinginremoteareasbegantousethemtoproduceelectricity.Thisallowedthemtohaveelectriclightsandradio.However，bythe1940swhenelectricitywasavailabletopeopleinalmostallareasoftheUnitedStates，windmillswererarelyused.Duringthe1970s，peoplestartedbecomingconcernedaboutthepollutionthatis