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BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)PortraitsMezzotintofFranklin,Cochin/St.Aubin,1777PortraitofFranklinbyDavidMartin,1766HisReputationsTheFirstAmericanTheLastUniversalManWriterStatesmanBusinessmanScientistModeloftheAmericandreamPolymathPrinterPhilosopherInventorDiplomatAmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthatdreamofalandinwhichlifeshouldbebetterandricherandfullerforeveryone,withopportunityforeachaccordingtoabilityorachievement.…Itisnotadreamofmotorcarsandhighwagesmerely,butadreamofsocialorderinwhicheachmanandeachwomanshallbeabletoattaintothefulleststatureofwhichtheyareinnatelycapable,andberecognizedbyothersforwhattheyare,regardlessofthefortuitouscircumstancesofbirthorposition.-----TheEpicofAmericabyJamesT.AdamsIwouldratherhaveitsaid,“heliveduseful”than“hediedrich”…--BenjaminFranklinHisLifeBornintoapoorcandle-maker’sfamilyin1706HadlittleformaleducationVoraciousreaderandmadeupforthedeficiencyofformaleducationApprenticeofprinterat12begantopublishessaysat16WenttoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortuneat17setuphimselfasanindependentprinterandpublisherFranklin’sContributionstoSocietyHumanitarian•Americanfirstcirculatinglibrary•UniversityofPennsylvania•Philadelphiahospital•PennsylvaniamilitiaServinggodbestistocontributeyourtalenttothepeopleandcommunityFranklin’sContributionstoScienceAscientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges.effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”andgiveitbacktohumansFranklin’sContributionstotheU.S.astatesman,diplomat,negotiatorHeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewarHewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:•TheDeclarationofIndependence,•TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,•TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,•TheConstitution《自传》《格言历书》(4)awriter1.Works•TheAutobiography•PoorRichard’sAlmanacAnembodimentofthe“AmericanDream”ExamplesOriginal:Manystrokesfellgreatoaks.Franklin:Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks.Original:Thegreatesttalkersaretheleastdoers.Franklin:Greattalkers,littledoers.TheAutobiography《自传》ItsContentItsStyleItsSignificanceCommentsonitThirteenVirtuesContentFourpartswrittenatfourdifferenttimes1stpart:1771;alettertohisson;about80pages;hislifebeforetheageof252ndpart:1784;hislifebetweentheageof25and42;3rdpart:1788;hissocialandscientificlife;4thpart:1790;hislifebetweenhisretirementanddeath;QuestionsforunderstandingWhatisthemainideaofthisselection?Whydidhearrangetheorderofthirteenvirtueslikethis?CanyousummarizeFranklin’smethodformoralperfection?Whichonedoyouthinkisthemostdifficulttokeep?“ThirteenVirtues”（13条美德）1.Temperance:Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.节制。食不过饱；饮酒不醉。2.Silence:Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.缄默。言则于人于己有益，不作无益闲聊。3.Order:Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.秩序。各样东西放在一定地方；各项日常事务应有一定的处理时间。4.Resolution:Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.决断。事情当做必做；既做则坚持到底。5.Frugality:Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing.节俭。花钱须于人于己有益，即不浪费。6.Industry:Losenotime;bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.勤勉。不浪费时间；每时每刻做有用之事，戒除一切不必要的行动。7.Sincerity:Usenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly;and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.诚恳。不欺骗人；思想纯洁公正；说话也应诚实。8.Justice:Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.正直。不做不利他人之事，切勿忘记履行对人有益的义务而伤害他人。9.Moderation:Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuries,somuchasyouthinktheydeserve.中庸。勿走极端；受到应有的处罚，应当加以容忍。10.Cleanliness:Toleratenounclearnessinbody,clothes,orhabitation.整洁。身体、衣服和住所应力求清洁。11.Tranquility:Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.平静。勿因琐事或普通而不可避免的事件而烦恼。12.Chastity:Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranother’speaceorreputation.节欲。除了为了健康或生育后代起见，不常举行房事，切戒房事过度，伤害身体或损害你自己或他人的安宁或名誉13.Humility:ImitateJesusandSocrates.谦逊。效法耶稣和苏格拉底。Stylesimplicity,directness,andconcisionplainnessofitsstylethehomelinessofimageryStyle:fresh，simple,clearinorder,direct,vivid,truetolife,conciseandhumorous,utilitarian,witty,satirical,fair,notdullandamusing(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”)(Puritanism’sinfluence);文笔清新流畅，叙述生动真实，充满时代气息，保留清教纯朴，简洁和精准的特点InTheAutobiographywewillbeabletonotice:1)Puritanism’sinfluence,suchasself-examinationandself-improvementahow-to-do-itbook(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)Hardworkwasanethic,asteptowardsalvation;2)Enlightenmentspirits(man’snatureisgood,rightsofliberty,virtuesinclude“order”)asuccessstoryofself-reliance,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.TheAutobiographyisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.BenjaminFranklinwasaspokesmanfortheneworderofthe18thcenturyenlightenmentTheAutobiographyisahow-to-do-itbook,abookontheartofself-improvement.(forexample,Franklin’s13virtues)EvaluationCommentsonAutobiography1)AutobiographyrealisticallydescribedthelifeofFranklinwhoserags-to-richesexpe