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Unit1:Economicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomicintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestmentcapitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.Bartersystem:(物物交换)farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.Globalvillage:allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheinternet.Meltingpot:asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.Culture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.Culturaldiversity:themixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.Communication:meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotheraparttoshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Interculturalcommunication:communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughalterthecommunicationevent(p.9-10).ComponentsofCommunicationSource:Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding:Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message:Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel:Thetermchannelisusedtechnicaltorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.Noise:Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver:Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding:Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse:Itreferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback:Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context:Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplacesandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent?(p8~9)Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovative新进的communicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations2.Whatarethethreeingredientsofculture?☆Artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)☆Behavior(whattheydo)☆Concepts(beliefs,values,world,views…)(whattheythink)3.Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?☆Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesectionabovethewaterlineandalargeinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterline,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedandimaged.☆Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(p7)注：文学手势：Theaspectsofculturethatareexplicit,visible,taught.（详述的，明确）看法友谊：Theaspectsofculturethatareintangibleandnottaughtdirectly.难以理解4.Whatarethecharacteristicofculture?☆Cultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.☆Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation.☆Cultureisdynamic.(p6)cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.☆Cultureisethnocentric(=ethnocentrism文化中心主义).Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.5.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextual☆Communicationisdynamic.Communicationisongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.☆Communicationisirreversible.不可逆的Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.☆Communicationissymbolic.符号的Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.☆Communicationissystematic系统的Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum（真空）,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.☆Communicationistransactional.(P8)相互作用的Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneously（同时地）sendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.☆Communicationiscontextual.(P8)文脉的，前后关系的Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.Unit2-4:Pragmatics:（语用论）thestudyofeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantics:（语义学）the