英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)

TheBasicElementsofAppreciatingEnglishPoetry1.Whatispoetry?PoetryistheexpressionofImpassionedfeelinginlanguage.“Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.”“Poetry,inageneralsense,maybedefinedtobetheexpressionoftheimagination.”Poetryistherhythmicalcreationofbeauty.Poetryistheimageofmanandnature.“诗言志，歌咏言。”---《虞书》“诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。”---《诗·大序》“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。”---艾青：《诗论》2.TheSoundSystemofEnglishPoetrya.TheprosodicfeaturesProsody(韵律)---thestudyoftherhythm,pause,tempo,stressandpitchfeaturesofalanguage.Chinesepoetryissyllable-timed,Englishpoetryisstress-timed.Stress:TheprosodyofEnglishpoetryisrealizedbystress.Onestressedsyllablealwayscomestogetherwithoneormoreunstressedsyllables.eg.Tiger,/tiger,/burning/brightInthe/forest/ofthe/night,Whatim/mortal/handor/eyeCouldframethy/fearful/symme/try?---W.BlakeLength:itcanproducesomerhetoricalandartisticeffect.eg.Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,Thelowingherdwindslowlyo’erthelea,ThePloughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.---ThomasGrayLongvowelsanddiphthongsmakethepoemslow,emotionalandsolemn;shortvowelsquick,passionate,tenseandexciting.Pause:itservesfortherhythmandmusicalityofpoetry.b.Meterormeasure(格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis+thesis;Meterormeasurereferstotheformationwayofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Fourcommonmeters:a)Iambus;theiambicfoot(抑扬格)eg.Shewalks/inbeau/ty,like/thenightOfcloud/lessclimes/andstar/ryskies;Andall/that’sbest/ofdark/andbrightMeetin/heras/pectand/hereyes.---Byronb)Trochee;thetrochaicfoot（扬抑格）eg.Never/seekto/tellthy/love,Lovethat/never/toldcan/be.---Blakec)Dactyl;thedactylicfoot（扬抑抑格）eg.Cannonto/rightofthem,Cannonto/leftofthem.Cannonin/frontofthem,Volley’dand/thunder’d.---Tennysond)Anapaest;theanapesticfoot（抑抑扬格）eg.Break,/break,/break,Onthycold/greystones,/Osea!AndIwould/thatmytongue/couldutterThethought/thatarise/inme.---Tennysonc)OthermetersAmphibrach,theamphibrachicfoot(抑扬抑格)；Spondee,thespondaicfoot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic,thepyrrhicfoot(抑抑格)；d)Actalecticfoot(完整音步)andCactalecticfoot（不完整音步）eg.Richthe/treasure,Sweetthe/pleasure.(actalecticfoot)Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright,Inthe/forest/ofthe/night.(cactalecticfoot)e)Typesoffootmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）Wehaveiambicmonometer,trochaictetrameter,iambicpentameter,anapaestictrimeter,etc.,whenthenumberoffootandmeteraretakentogetherinapoem.C.RhymeWhentwoormorewordsorphrasescontainanidenticalorsimilarvowelsound,usuallystressed,andtheconsonantsoundsthatfollowthevowelsoundareidenticalandprecededbydifferentconsonants,arhymeoccurs.Itcanroughlybedividedintotwotypes:internalrhymeandendrhymeInternalrhymea)alliteration:therepetitionofinitialidenticalconsonantsoundsoranyvowelsoundsinsuccessiveorcloselyassociatedsyllables,esp.stressedsyllables.eg.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree.---ColeridgeIslip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance,Amongmyskinningswallows.---TennysonWhereatwithblade,withbloodyblamefulblade,Hebravelybroachedhisboilingbloodybreast.---Shakespeare“Consonantcluster”(辅音连缀)“internalorhiddenalliteration”(暗头韵)asin“Hereinthelongunlovelystreet”(Tennyson)TheScian&theTeianmuse,Thehero’sharp,thelove’slute,Havefoundthefameyourshoresrefuse.---Byronb)Assonance(腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：therepetitionofsimilaroridenticalvowelsoundsinalineendingwithdifferentconsonantsounds.eg.DonotgogentleintothatnightOldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday.Rage,rageagainstthedyingofthelight.Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright,BecausetheirwordshaveforkednolightningtheyDonotgogentleintothatnight.c)Consonance(假韵):therepetitionoftheendingconsonantsoundswithdifferentprecedingvowelsoftwoormorewordsinaline.eg.AtonceavoicearoseamongThebleaktwigsoverheadInafull-heartedevensongOfjoyillimited.---HardyEndrhyme:linesinapoemendinsimilaroridenticalstressedsyllables.a)PerfectrhymePerfectrhyme(intwoormorewords)occursinthefollowingthreeconditions:identicalstressedvowelsounds(lie--high,stay--play);thesameconsonantsaftertheidenticalstressedvowels(park--lark,fate--late);differentconsonantsprecedingthestressedvowels(first–burst);follow—swallow(perfectrhyme)b)imperfect/halfrhyme:thestressedvowelsintwoormorewordsarethesame,buttheconsonantsoundsafterandprecedingaredifferent.eg.fern—bird,faze—late,like—rightc)Masculineandfemininerhymeeg.SometimeswhenI’mlonely,Don’tknowwhy,KeepthinkingIwon’tbelonelyByandby.---HughesThecomradeofthywanderingsoverHeaven,Asthen,whentooutstripthyskieyspeedScarceseem’davision;Iwouldne’erhavestriven…---ShelleyRhymescheme(韵式)a)Runningrhymescheme(连续韵)twoneighbouringlinesrhymedinaabbccdd:eg.Tiger,tiger,burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight,WhatimmortalhandoreyeCouldframethyfearfulsymmetry?InwhatdistantdeepsorskiesBurntthefireofthineeyes?Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?Whatthehanddareseizethefire?b)Alternatingrhymescheme(交叉韵)rhymedeveryotherlineinababcdcd:eg.ShallIcompa