中美跨文化商务交流的对比分析Contrastive-Analysis-on-Intercultura

ContrastiveAnalysisonInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica中美跨文化商务交流的对比分析AbstractThisthesisstudiesthefactorswhichinfluenceInterculturalBusinessCommunicationbetweenChinaandAmericafromtheaspectsofpastOrientationvs.futureOrientation,individualismvs.collectivism,largepowerdistancevs.smallpowerdistance,stronguncertaintyavoidancevs.weakuncertaintyavoidance,highcontextculturesvs.lowcontextculturesandmonochromictimeculturevs.polychromictimeculture.TheunderstandingofCommunicationculturallywillmakeeffectivecommunication.Inthispaper,itwillmakeacontractiveanalysisoninterculturalbusinesscommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica.Althoughthesesixareascanonlyreflectthetipoftheicebergconcerningthedifferencesincross-culturalbusinesscommunication,thepaperhopestomakepeoplefullyawareoftheimportanceofthesedifferencesbycontinuallydiscussingtheirimpactsonbusinessnegotiation,businessetiquetteandsomeother.KeyWords:interculturalbusinesscommunication;contrastiveanalysis;culturaldifference摘要本文将从六个方面对中美跨文化商务交际的影响因素作对比分析，包括过去取向和未来取向、个人主义和集体主义、大权距和小权距、对不确定强回避性和弱回避性、高语境和低语境文化模式以及多元时间模式和单一时间模式。理解文化交流的差异将使沟通更加有效。在这篇文章中,将对比分析中国和美国之间的跨文化商务交际。虽然这六个方面不能反映跨文化商务交际的全部差异，但作者希望通过讨论这六个方面的差异对商务谈判、商务礼仪等所造成的影响来使得人们充分认识到这种差异的重要性。关键词：跨文化商务交际；对比分析；文化差异1.IntroductionThereexistsomanydifferencesamongcountriesincultures,wayofthinking,value,andworldviewsthatmakescross-culturalbusinesscommunicationbecomescomplicatedanddifficultwhichmayresultsinembarrassandfailure.ChinaandAmericaarebothbigcountriesintheworld.Theyareplayinganimportantroleonthepoliticalandeconomicstageoftheworld.Thecommunicationbetweenthepeoplefromthetwocountriesistotheworldpeaceandthehealthydevelopmentofinternationaleconomy.Theunderstandingofbodylanguageculturallywillmakeeffectivecommunication.Throughstudy,itcomestotheconclusionthatthestudyofbodylanguagebetweenculturesisanimportantwaytopromotethegoodcommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica(Xin,2012).Thefieldsofcommunications,journalism,andmediastudies,however,havebeenslowerinpayingattentiontothechangingstate,consumer,andcitizenmedialandscapesofthisboomingnation(Parameswaran,2010),eventhoughithastakenamoreimportantroleintheglobalmediascape(Straubhaar,2010).ChinaandAmericaaredistinctinlanguages,customs,behaviors,valuesandmanyotheraspects.ItisthemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanthatconstitutetheirowndistinctculture(Wang,2013).Peoplecometorealizethathowtostartbusinesswithapartnerofdifferentculturalbackgroundandhowtosolvethecommunicationbarrierscausedbyculturaldifferenceswillplayakeyroleinfuturebusiness.2.LiteratureReview2.1CommunicationAsEdeani(1988)remarked,‘inmasscommunicationresearch,asinotheraspectsofthescientificenterprise,occasionalstock-takingisnecessaryasameansofevaluatingprogress,detectingproblems,anddescribingfuturedirections’.Sincethen,countlessothershavebeenaddedtotheirlist.Fromtheaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthebasicassumptionis:Communicationisaformofhumanbehaviorderivedfromaneedtoconnectandinteractwithotherhumanbeings.Therefore,communicationsimplyreferstotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople.2.2DefinitionofInterculturalCommunicationItismostlyreferstoanacademicfieldofstudyorresearchandinreturnthoseacademicresultsarethenappliedtoreallifesolutions.Thus,educatorshavesomenewideas.Wang(2008)pointsoutthatinterculturalcommunicationisquitecomprehensive,inadditiontounderstandthebasicdefinition,differentbehavior,studentsshouldalsoacceptcourseofcorporatecultureandinterculturaltraining.Also,Wang(2011)addsthatstudentsshouldbeencouragedtoexplorethenatureofreasonsfordifference,suchasthedifferentoriginsofWesternculture,adifferentmodeofthinking,normsandvalues.However,eventhoughthephenomenonofinterculturalcommunicationisasoldashumansociety,thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationasasubjectisfairlyashorthistorywhichstartedintheU.S.fromearly1950sand80sinChina(Mu,2007).Therefore,thereisstillalongwaytogoconcerningtheresearchesinthisfield.2.3InterculturalBusinessCommunicationBusinessCommunicationreferstopurposefulexchangeofinformationandresources,mutualsupportandcontactbetweentwoormorepartiestopromotemutuallybeneficialrelationshipforpersonalandbusinesssuccess(Liu,2008).Meanwhile;Cui(2007)definedinterculturalbusinesscommunicationasexchangesamongbusinessindividualsorsocialgroupswithdifferentculturalbackgroundsinordertoachieveexchangeofeconomicorbusinessinformation.Liu(2008)suggestedthatitbasicallyincludesbusinessetiquette,businessnegotiations,businesscontracts,etc.AsShiLia&ShuoTang(2012)pointsout,“Ininteractingwithforeigners,nativesspeakerstendtoberathertolerantoferrorsinpronunciationorsyntax.Incontrast,violationofrulesofspeaking,communicationandbehaviorisofteninterpretedasbadmannerssincethenativespeakerisunlikelytobeawareofsociolinguisticrelativity.”Interculturalbusinesscommunicationbarriersrefertomisunderstandingsencounteredintheprocessofinformationexchangewhichleadtotheembarrassmentorculturalshockevenculturalcollision.MU(2007)makesadetailedanalysisinthedifferenceofbusinessEtiquetteandprotocol，theattitudetomanagementandbusinessnegotiati