Wars-Of-The-Roses玫瑰战争(课堂PPT)

1NameandsymbolsTheWhiteRoseoftheHouseofYork约克家族白蔷薇TheRedRoseoftheHouseofLancaster兰开斯特家族红蔷薇22020/4/18CommandersandleadersHouseofYorkRichard,DukeofYork(Killedinaction)EdwardIVofEnglandRichardIIIofEngland(Killedinaction)HouseofLancasterHenryVIofEnglandMargaretofAnjouEdwardofWestminster(Killedinaction)HenryVIIofEngland32020/4/18Fightforsuccession42020/4/18Origins1433HenryofBolingbrokehadestablishedtheHouseofLancasteronthethronein1433whenhedeposedhiscousinRichardIIandwascrownedasHenryIV.亨利四世推翻理查二世RichardIIHenryIV52020/4/18Inherit（继承）1413Bolingbroke'ssonHenryVmaintainedthefamily'sholdonthecrown.HenryV62020/4/18HenryVIofEnglandHenryVdiedunexpectedlyin1422andhisson,KingHenryVIofEngland,ascendedthethroneasaninfantonlyninemonthsold.72020/4/181455-1460IntheinitialstageThemainstagesofthearmedconflictbetweentheWarsoftheRosesoccurredin1455and1485.蔷薇战争的主要武装冲突阶段发生在1455年和1485年之间。82020/4/18WarsoftheRosesTheremovaloftheoldchurchgardenofredrosesandwhiteroses在老教堂的花园摘取红玫瑰与白玫瑰92020/4/18thefirstopenfightingbrokeoutin1455attheFirstBattleofStAlbans.SeveralprominentLancastriansdied,buttheirheirscontinuedadeadlyfeudwithRichard.1455年5月22日，约克公爵理查领一支小部队前往伦敦，在伦敦北面的圣奥尔本斯碰到赶来的亨利六世的部队。相对规模较小的第一次圣奥尔本斯战役是内战的第一次公开冲突。Summaryofevents102020/4/18YorkreturnedtothecountryandbecameProtectorofEngland,butwasdissuadedfromclaimingthethrone.MargaretandtheirreconcilableLancastriannoblesgatheredtheirforcesinthenorthofEngland,andwhenYorkmovednorthtosuppressthem,heandhissecondsonEdmundwerekilledattheBattleofWakefieldinDecember1460.1460年7月10日的北安普敦战役（BattleofNorthampton）对于兰开斯特家族是灾难性的。沃里克伯爵理查·内维尔带领的约克军队，在兰开斯特家族的叛军的帮助下，抓住了亨利国王并作为俘虏带往伦敦。Summaryofevents112020/4/18ActofAccord调解法案AcompromisewasstruckinOctober1460withtheActofAccord,whichrecognisedYorkasHenry'ssuccessor,disinheritingHenry'ssix-year-oldson,Edward.Yorkacceptedthiscompromiseasthebestoffer.Itgavehimmuchofwhathewanted,particularlysincehewasalsomadeProtectoroftheRealmandwasabletogoverninHenry'sname.1460年10月的调解法案达成妥协，约克为亨利的王位继任者，剥夺了亨利儿子爱德华王子的继承权。约克被任命为王国摄政王，可以以亨利之名统治。调解法案对兰开斯特家族是不能接受的，他们在北方组织起一支庞大的军队。122020/4/18ThedeathofRichard,DukeofYork兰开斯特家族的反击On30December,York’sforcesleftthecastleandattackedtheLancastriansintheopen,althoughoutnumbered.TheensuingBattleofWakefieldwasacompleteLancastrianvictory.RichardofYorkwasslaininthebattle,andbothSalisburyandYork's17-year-oldsecondson,Edmund,EarlofRutland,werecapturedandexecuted.MargaretorderedtheheadsofallthreeplacedonthegatesofYork.1460年圣诞，理查在韦克平原附近的桑德尔城堡采取守势。虽然玛格丽特的军队的人数是理查的军队的两倍以上，12月30日，约克还是下令他的部队离开城堡出击。他的军队在韦克菲尔德战役中惨败。理查在战斗中被杀，而萨尔茨堡和理查17岁的儿子鲁特兰伯爵埃德蒙被捕并被砍头。132020/4/18Yorkisttriumph约克家族的胜利爱德华四世的正式加冕于1461年6月在伦敦举行。在北方，爱德华在1464年之前没有取得完全的控制，除了几次叛变，几个兰开斯特指挥官占据了几个城堡数年。最后一个投降的兰开斯特的城堡是强大的堡垒Harlech(在威尔士)。废黜了的国王亨利在1465年被捕，囚于伦敦塔，以当时而言，他受到了相当的优待。1464年又有两次兰开斯特叛乱。第一次冲突是4月25日的Hedgeley荒原战役，第二次是5月15日的Hexham战役。两次叛乱都由沃里克的弟弟约翰·内维尔(JohnNeville,1stMarquessofMontagu)所平定。142020/4/18EdwardIVEdwardIV'sofficialcoronationtookplaceinJune1461inLondonwherehereceivedarapturouswelcomefromhissupporters.152020/4/181469–1471年间冲突的继续162020/4/181469–1471Warwick'srebellionandthedeathofHenryVITherestorationofEdwardIVin1471issometimesseenasmarkingtheendoftheWarsoftheRosesproper.PeacewasrestoredfortheremainderofEdward'srBuckingham'srevolteign.172020/4/18RichardIIIHavingbeencrownedinalavishceremonyon6July,RichardthenproceededonatouroftheMidlandsandthenorthofEngland,dispensinggenerousbountiesandchartersandnaminghisownsonasthePrinceofWales.182020/4/18In1471-1483,thecountryrestoredpeace.EdwardIV(Yorkist)punishedthebignoblescruellyfortheirdisobedience.EdwardIV’sbrother,RichardIII(1483-1485)becamekingafterhediedinApril1483.hecontinuedthebrutalpracticeofEdwardIV,whichpushedtheLancasterandYorkjoinedtogetheraroundHarriTudor,EarlofRichmondtogoagainsthim.InAugust1485,RichardIIIwasdefeatedbyTudorinthebattleofBosworth.RichardIIIdiedinthebattleandtheWaroftheRosesendedeventually.ThebattleofBosworth192020/4/18HenryVIIHenryVII(HarriTudor)strengthenedhisverytenuousLancastrianclaimtothethronebypromptlymarryingElizabeth,adaughterofYorkistEdwardIV.ThisunionoftheHousesofLancasterandYorkwasmarkedbyanewsymbol,theTudorRose.Thisremarkablemanbeganalineofremarkablerulers,knownasTudors.202020/4/181485年，亨利·都铎的军队在BosworthField之战击败理查的军队，亨利成了国王亨利七世。然后亨利通过娶爱德华四世的长女，约克家族最佳的继承人约克的伊丽莎白为妻来巩固他的统治。这样，他重新统一了两个王族，把红玫瑰和白玫瑰这两个对立的符号合并到红白都铎玫瑰的徽章中。Aftermathandeffects212020/4/18ManyEnglishnoblemenwerekilledinachainofimportanteventscalledtheWaroftheRoses;EnglishcontrolofFrancewasnearlyeliminated;Andthemiddle-classcametodominateBritishpolitics.Thenewlyarisennoblemenandthebourgeoisiegrewrapidlyinthewar,whichcontributedtothetransitionofEnglandfromafeudalcountrytoamodernstateintheTudordynasty.Consequences222020/4/18232020/4/18242020/4/18252020/4/18