爱德华摩根福斯特-E.M.Forster

E.M.Forster黄曦彦140702035E.M.ForsterE.M.ForsterIntroductionKeythemesSymbolism&MysticismHistoricalbackgroundofAPassagetoIndiaNotableworksbyForsterCriticalreceptionsContentsEdwardMorganForster(1January1879–7June1970)，aged91.Occupationnovelist,shortstorywriter,essayistandlibrettist.NationalityBritishWritingPeriod1901-1970GenresRealism,Symbolism,ModernismSubjectsClassDivision,Gender,HomosexualityIntroductionItalyGreeceIndiaAPassagetoIndia(1924)isanovelbyE.M.ForstersetagainstthebackdropoftheBritishRajandtheIndianindependencemovementinthe1920s.ThenovelisbasedonForster'sexperiencesinIndia.E.M.Forsterborrowedthebook'stitlefromWaltWhitman'spoemofthesamenameinLeavesofGrass.WhereAngelsFeartoTreadandARoomwithaViewcanbeseencollectivelyasForster'sItaliannovels.BothincludereferencestothefamousBaedekerguidebooksandconcernnarrow-mindedmiddle-classEnglishtouristsabroad.WhereAngelsFeartoTreadARoomwithaViewKeyThemes•APassagetoIndiaandHowardsEnd,exploretheirreconcilabilityofclassdifferences.•ARoomwithaViewalsoshowshowquestionsofproprietyandclasscanmakehumanconnectiondifficult.•HisposthumousnovelMauriceexploresthepossibilityofclassreconciliationasonefacetofahomosexualrelationship.•Hisviewsasahumanistareattheheartofhiswork,whichoftendepictsthepursuitofpersonalconnectionsinspiteoftherestrictionsofcontemporarysociety.•Thehumanisthasfourleadingcharacteristics–curiosity,afreemind,beliefingoodtaste,andbeliefinthehumanrace.Forsterisnotedforhisuseofsymbolismasatechniqueinhisnovels,andhehasbeencriticised(asbyhisfriendRogerFry)forhisattachmenttomysticism.OneexampleofhissymbolismisthewychelmtreeinHowardsEnd.ThecharactersofMrs.WilcoxinthatnovelandMrs.MooreinAPassagetoIndiahaveamysticallinkwiththepast,andastrikingabilitytoconnectwithpeoplefrombeyondtheirowncircles.HowardsEndSymbolism&MysticismForsterachievedhisgreatestsuccesswithAPassagetoIndia(1924).ThenoveltakesasitssubjecttherelationshipbetweenEastandWest,seenthroughthelensofIndiainthelaterdaysoftheBritishRaj.ForsterconnectspersonalrelationshipswiththepoliticsofcolonialismthroughthestoryoftheEnglishwomanAdelaQuested,theIndianDr.Aziz,andthequestionofwhatdidordidnothappenbetweenthemintheMarabarCaves.ForstermakesspecialmentionoftheauthorAhmedAliandhisTwilightinDelhiinhisPrefacetoitsEveryman'sLibraryEdition.HistoricalBackgroundofAPassagetoIndiaHistoricalBackgroundofAPassagetoIndia•ThecolonialoccupationofIndia•ReformsinIndia’spoliticalsystemthevictoryoftheLiberalParty(1906)theIndianCouncilsAct(1909)•TheIndianIndependenceAct(1947)Forsterhadfivenovelspublishedinhislifetime.AlthoughMauricewaspublishedshortlyafterhisdeath,ithadbeenwrittennearlysixtyyearsearlier.Heneverfinishedaseventhnovel,.NotableWorksbyForster(Novels)Hisfirstnovel,WhereAngelsFeartoTread(1905),isthestoryofLilia,ayoungEnglishwidowwhofallsinlovewithanItalianman,andoftheeffortsofherbourgeoisrelativestogetherbackfromMonteriano(basedonSanGimignano).WhereAngelsFeartoTread(1905)Next,ForsterpublishedTheLongestJourney(1907),aninvertedbildungsromanfollowingthelameRickieElliottfromCambridgetoacareerasastrugglingwriterandthentoapostasaschoolmaster,marriedtotheunappealingAgnesPembroke.Forster'sthirdnovel,ARoomwithaView(1908),ishislightestandmostoptimistic.Itwasstartedasearlyas1901,beforeanyofhisothers;itsearliestversionsareentitledLucy.ThebookexplorestheyoungLucyHoneychurch'striptoItalywithhercousin,andthechoiceshemustmakebetweenthefree-thinkingGeorgeEmersonandtherepressedaestheteCecilVyse.George'sfatherMrEmersonquotesthinkerswhoinfluencedForster,includingSamuelButler.HowardsEnd(1910)isanambitiouscondition-of-EnglandnovelconcernedwithdifferentgroupswithintheEdwardianmiddleclasses,representedbytheSchlegels(bohemianintellectuals),theWilcoxes(thoughtlessplutocrats)andtheBasts(strugglinglower-middle-classaspirants).CriticshaveobservedthatnumerouscharactersinForster'snovelsdiesuddenly.ThisistrueofWhereAngelsFeartoTread,HowardsEndand,mostparticularly,TheLongestJourney.Maurice(1971)waspublishedposthumously.ItisahomosexuallovestorywhichalsoreturnstomattersfamiliarfromForster'sfirstthreenovels.Maurice(1971)CriticalReceptionsIntheUnitedStates,interestin,andappreciationfor,ForsterwasspurredbyLionelTrilling'sE.M.Forster:AStudy,whichbegan:“E.M.Forsterisformetheonlylivingnovelistwhocanbereadagainandagainandwho,aftereachreading,givesmewhatfewwriterscangiveusafterourfirstdaysofnovel-reading,thesensationofhavinglearnedsomething(Trilling1943)”ThankYou2014/12