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英汉对比语言学Unitone:Linguistictypologyisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesandclassifieslanguagesaccordingtotheirstructuralandfunctionalfeatures.Itsaimistodescribeandexplainthecommonpropertiesandthestructuraldiversityoftheworld'slanguages.Contrastivelinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestwoormorelanguageswiththeaimsofdiscoveringtheirdifferencesandsimilarities(especiallytheformer)andapplyingthesefindingstorelatedareasofstudy.Alanguageisasystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofunitslikemorphemes,words,sentences,andutterances.Itisasystemofsymbolswhichcombinesoundsandmeaningstogether.languageandthinkingTheFeaturesofLanguage1)reflexivity(自反性）2)arbitrariness（任意性）3)duality（双重性）4)displacement（异时异地性）5)productivity（能产性）6)culturaltransmission（文化传递性）Therelationshipbetweenspeechsoundsandthemeaningstheyrepresentinthelanguagesoftheworldis,forthemostpart,arbitrary.Thereisnoinherentrelationbetweenthetwo.GrammaticalcharacteristicsoftheChineselanguage.1.Thepartofspeechofaworddoesnotcorrespondtoitsfunctioninthesentence.2.Compoundwords,phrasesandsentenceshavesimilarstructure.3.4CiteexamplestodemonstratethegenerallybelievedopinionthatwordOrderandfunctionalwordareimportantmeansintheChineselanguageforexpressinggrammaticalmeanings.Chineseisanisolatinglanguage,asitswordsdonotundergomorphologicalchangewhenservingdifferentgrammaticalfunctions.Unit2morphology----thestudyofmorphemesandtheirdifferentforms,andthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulindivisibleunitsofwhichawordismadeup.Lexicalization:Theprocessofaddingwords,setphrases,orwordpatternstoalanguage–thatis,ofaddingitemstoalanguage'slexicon.Wordshavefourtypesofmotivation:1)phoneticmotivation,Grammaticalmotivation,Semanticmotivation,philologicalmotivationP41Englishisaphonemelanguage,whoselettersdonotrepresentanymeaning,whileChineseisamorphemelanguage,oranideographiclanguage.Discretewordsareseparated-unitedwords:Verb-objectexpressionswhichhaveatleastonecomponentthatcannonstandaloneandwhichcanoccureithertogetherorwithanobject.Grammatically,mostlanguageshaveunitsoffivelevels:morpheme,word,phrase,clause,andsentence.（P38)ManyscholarsnowagreethatcharacterratherthanwordisthebasicunitoftheChineselanguage.Commentonthisopinionwithsupportingideasorexamples.（P39）Unit3Aderivativewordisawordwhichhasonefreeformandoneormoreboundforms.Acompoundwordiswordwhichconsistsofmorethanonefreemorpheme.(填空）derivation(affixation)CompoundingreduplicatioacronymblendingWhatisaffixiationinword-building?IsthereaffixiationintheChineselanguageword-building?Whyorwhynot?Explainyouropinionwithsupportingideasorexamplesifnecessary.(P68)State,withatleast3examplesforeach,thefivetypesofwordcompositionsintheChineselanguage?(P76)Anacronymisawordformedoftheinitiallettersofseveralwords,forexample,WHOstandsforWorldHealthOrganization.Amerindian,Chinglish,sitcom,psywarareallexamplesofblendingintheEnglishlanguagewordformation.Literaltranslation直译生态危机(ecocrisis)同性恋(homosexuality)多媒体(multimedia)软件(software)软着陆(softland)快餐(fastfood)超市(supermarket)绿色食品(greenfood)绿卡(greencard)连锁店(chainstore)飞碟(flyingsaucer)贸易战(tradewar)黑色幽默(blackhumor)热线(hotline)冷战(coldwar)白领(whitecollar)transliteration音译尼古丁(nicotine),尼龙(nylon),扑克(poker),布丁(pudding),雷达(radar),三明治(sandwich),色拉(salad),沙龙(salon),休克(shock),沙发(sofa),探戈(tango),坦克(tank),free(liberal)translation意译民主(democracy,音译“德谟克拉西”)科学(science,音译“赛恩斯”)按摩(massage,音译“马杀鸡”)青霉素(penicillin,音译“盘尼西林”)电话(telephone,音译“德律风”)最后通牒(ultimatum,音译“哀的美敦书”)小提琴(violin,音译“梵婀玲”)等。Commentonthefollowinglanguagephenomena.nozuonodieYoucanyouup,nocannoBBTuhaogilivablepeoplemountainpeopleseazhuangbilityniubilityGDPCBDWTOCCTVNBAUnit4EnglishisatypicalintonationlanguagewhileChineseisatypicaltonelanguage.Thesyllablereferstoasoundunitthatcanbepronouncedindependentlyandcanberecognizedbyinstinct,usuallyformedbyavowelwithorwithoutoneormoreconsonants.(填空）SyllablesintheChineselanguagehaveclear-cutboundaries,andsometimesyoucannotreadthemtogether,whileEnglishsyllableshavenoclearboundaryandoftenformliasoninspeakingandreading.Unit5Lexicalgap名词解释Thatfactthataconceptrepresentedbyawordinonelanguagemaynotformaconceptinanotherlanguagecangiverisetolexicalgap.(P116)ComparedwiththeChineselanguage,theEnglishlanguagehasamuchhigherdegreeoflexicalization?Doyouagreetothisidea?Justifyyourargumentwithsupportingexamplesifnecessary.Correspondingwordsintwolanguagesdonothaveexactlythesamemeaning.(P128)ExplainwithexamplesatleastonecauseoflexicalgapbetweentheChineselanguageandtheEnglishlanguage.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese,payingattentiontothesemanticgapbetweentheChinesecharacter天anditsEnglishequivalenceswhichiscausedbydifferentreferencemeanings.P133蓝天白云。天下乌鸦一般黑。天放晴了。天不早了。天敌。人定胜天。天长地久。听天由命！无法无天。谋事在人，成事在天。(P131)TranslatethefollowingintoChineseorEnglish,payingattentiontotheitalicizedwords.Thecookquicklydishedthevegetable.Westernpeopleprefertomilktheblackcoffee.Itriedtohairpinmybedroomdooropenthismorning.Theangryaudiencerotten-eggedthespeaker.Martinplannedtoroomwithhimthecomingautumn.到学校了电话我。别忘了短信我。今天你微博了吗？白度一下，你就知道。去肯德基早餐一回。Uint6Prototype(名词解