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Lecture4IndirectnessandDirectness---TwoDifferentVersificationsofChinesePoetryandEnglishPoetry委婉与直率－－中英两种不同的诗法BeginwithaComparisonBetweenaChinesepoemandanEnglishPoem:玉阶怨玉阶生白露，夜久侵罗袜。却下水晶帘，玲珑望秋月。TheJewelStair’sGrievanceThejeweledstepsarealreadyquitewhitewithdew,Itissolatethatthedewsoaksmygauzestockings,AndIletdownthecrystalcurtainAndwatchthemoonthroughtheclearautumn.TheHiddenMeaningJewelstairs,thereforeapalace.Grievance,thereforethereissomethingtocomplainof.Gauzestockings,thereforeacourtlady,notaservantwhocomplains.Clearautumn,thereforehehasnoexcuseonaccountofweather.Alsoshehascomeearly,forthedewhasnotmerelywhitenedthestairs,buthassoakedherstockings.Thepoemisespeciallyprizedbecausesheuttersnodirectreproach.SheWalksinBeautyShewalksinbeauty,likethenightofcloudlessclimesandstarryskies;Andallthat’sbestofdarkandbrightMeetinheraspectandhereyes;Thusmellow’dtothattenderlightWhichheaventogaudydaydenies.1.climes:climate2.aspect:lookorappearanceOneshadethemore,oneraytheless,Hadhalfimpair’dthenamelessgraceWhichwavesineveryraventress,Orsoftlylightenso’erherface;WherethoughtsserenelysweetexpressHowpure,howdeartheirdwelling–place.3.raventress:blackhair4.theirdwellingplace:thesoulorthemindAndonthatcheek,ando’erthatbrowSosoft,socalm,yeteloquent,Thesmilesthatwin,thetintsthatglowButtellofdaysingoodnessspent,Amindatpeacewithallbelow,Aheartwhoseloveisinnocent.4.eloquent:movinglyexpressive5.tints:glowing,delicatecolor6.goodness:goodconductandvirtue她在美的光辉中行走她在美的光辉中行走，宛如没有云翳、星空灿烂的黑夜；一切明与暗最美好的色素全聚集在她的明眸和容颜，融为一种柔光，赏心悦目，比那节日的光彩更加愉悦。增加或减少一分明与暗就会损害这难以名状的美态；美在她每一根头发上荡波，或在她脸上幽幽泛彩，恬静的思想亲切地向人们表述她的灵府深处何等纯洁、可爱。那脸颊，那眉额，如此娴静如此温馨，但又脉脉传情，那迷人的微笑，那泛光的色彩，都诉说着她度过的美的岁月。一个胸怀，安于世上的一切，一颗真心，充溢着无邪的爱。1.ChineseCircularityandWesternLinearityChineseculturallycirculartraditionWesternculturallylineartradition中国民族舞蹈曲线美，拧倾曲圆，眷恋大地，走跑为主，手形复杂，。西方芭蕾直线美，开绷直流，向往天空，蹦跳为主，手形简单，。I.C-EDifferenceinTermsofDancingChineseNationalDanceCurves,graceLookingearthwardsWalkingandrunningComplicatedhandmovementWesternBalletLines,strengthLookingskywardsHoppingandbouncingSimplehandmovementChinese:CurvesandcirclesClosenesstotheearthIntegrationwithNature中国古典建筑多曲线美飞檐反宇亲近大地天人合一Western:LinesandpinnaclesScrapingtheskySeparationfromNature西方建筑多直线美平顶尖拱向往天空天人分离II.C-EDifferenceinTermsofArchitecture对景对景Conclusion1Thesetwoconspicuousdifferentculturaltraditions,tosomedegree,explainthetwodifferentpoetryversifications:ChineseindirectnessEnglishdirectness2.ChineseSuggestivenessandEnglishNarrativenessI.ChineseSuggestivenessI)LatentTheLiteraryMindandtheCarvingofDragons,1firstbookofliterarycriticismintheChineselanguage(LiuXie)2latentthelayeredsignificancethatliesbeyondthetextthelatentisfullyaccomplishedincomplexandmultipleconcepts.Fromthedefinitionandinterpretation,wefindthatwhatLiuXiemeansbylatentisthelayeredsignificanceandmultipleconceptsconceivedinonegivenpoemoreveninasingleline.Sincethemeaningsofthepoemarelayeredandmultiple,thepoemtakesonthefeatureoffuzziness,Consciouslyorunconsciously,lotsofpoemsarecreatedbytheruleoflatent.Apparently,directnesscannotachievesuchasuccess.Indirectnessisoftenthepoets'preference.II)ReserveTheTwenty-FourCategoriesofPoetryitdoesnotinhereinanysingleword,yettheutmostflairisattainedOuyangxiupointedoutthattheperfecteffectofwritingistoholdinexhaustiblethoughtinreserve,thoughtthatappearsbeyondthewords.OnlythenisitperfectYanYuexpressedthesameideabysayingthewordsareexhausted,butthemeaningisneverexhausted.Theaboveargumentsshowthatreservereferstoindirectexpressionaswellashiddenmeaningsbetweenthelines.Intermsofmeaning,reserveemphasizes“inexhaustiblemeaning”heldbetweenthelinesor“inexhaustiblethought”beyondthewordswhichcanbeunderstoodfromdifferentangles.Suchameaningcallsforreaders’understanding,reasoningandjudgmentanditsinterpretations,moreoftenthannot,varyfrompersontoperson.Reserveismorethanthebeautyofinexhaustiblemeaning;itisalsopresentedinthebeautyofindirectexpression.II.EnglishNarrativenessEpicoverwhelmingEmphasisonthestructureofstories,characters,conflictsConclusion2SuggestivenessguidesChinesepoetstocomposepoetryinanindirectwaywhichendowsChinesepoetrywithsuggestiveness,wholenessandpervasiveness.Narrativenesscallsonpoetstotelldirectly3.ChineseParataxicalLanguageEnglishHypotaxicalLanguageI.ChineseParataxicalLanguageLinYutangoncesaid,Poetryshouldbecrisp,andtheChineselanguageiscrisp.Poetryshouldworkbysuggestion,andtheChineselanguageisfullofcontractionswhichsaymorethanwhatthewordsmean.Poetryshouldexpressideasbyconcreteimagery,andtheChineselanguagerevelsinword-imagery.逢雪宿芙蓉山主人刘长卿日暮苍山远，天寒白屋贫。柴门闻犬吠，风雪夜归人。SeekingShelterinLotusHillonaSnowyNightAtsunsethillsidevillagestillseemsfar;Barrenandcoldthethatchedcottagesare.Ａtwicketgate,adogisheardtobark;WithwindandsnowIcomewhennightisdark.---byX.Y.Z.II.EnglishHypotaxicalLanguagetree-likesentencestructurewithdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineTrunkline:S+V+(O)Branchesandsub-branches:AdverbialsandattributesHypotactic,connectives,explicitcohesion（显性联接）Conclusion3TheparataxicallanguagecontributestotheconcisenessofChinesepoetry.Gra