中英诗歌比较与欣赏unit6

Lecture6EnglishImagistPoetryI.EzraPoundEzraPoundwasborninHailey,Idaho,in1885.HecompletedtwoyearsofcollegeattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandearnedadegreefromHamiltonCollegein1905.AfterteachingatWabashCollegefortwoyears,hetravelledabroadtoSpain,ItalyandLondon,wherehebecameinterestedinJapaneseandChinesepoetry.HemarriedDorothyShakespearin1914andbecameLondoneditoroftheLittleReviewin1917.In1924,hemovedtoItaly;duringthisperiodofvoluntaryexile,PoundbecameinvolvedinFascistpolitics,anddidnotreturntotheUnitedStatesuntil1945,whenhewasarrestedonchargesoftreasonforbroadcastingFascistpropagandabyradiototheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWar.In1946,hewasacquitted,butdeclaredmentallyillandcommittedtoSt.ElizabethsHospitalinWashington,D.C.Duringhisconfinement,thejuryoftheBollingen-LibraryofCongressAward(whichincludedanumberofthemosteminentwritersofthetime)decidedtooverlookPound‘spoliticalcareerintheinterestofrecognizinghispoeticachievements,andawardedhimtheprizeforthePisanCantos(诗章)(1948).Aftercontinuousappealsfromwriterswonhisreleasefromthehospitalin1958,PoundreturnedtoItalyandsettledinVenice,wherehedied,asemi-recluse,in1972.EzraPoundisgenerallyconsideredthepoetmostresponsiblefordefiningandpromotingamodernistaestheticinpoetry.Intheearlyteensofthetwentiethcentury,heopenedaseminalexchangeofworkandideasbetweenBritishandAmericanwriters,andwasfamousforthegenerositywithwhichheadvancedtheworkofsuchmajorcontemporariesasW.B.Yeats,RobertFrost,WilliamCarlosWilliams,MarianneMoore,H.D.,JamesJoyce,ErnestHemingway,andespeciallyT.S.Eliot.Hisownsignificantcontributionstopoetrybeginwithhispromulgation（传播）ofImagism,amovementinpoetrywhichderiveditstechniquefromclassicalChineseandJapanesepoetry--stressingclarity,precision,andeconomyoflanguage,andforegoingtraditionalrhymeandmeterinorderto,inPound‘swords,“composeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofthemetronome.“（节拍）Hislaterwork,fornearlyfiftyyears,focusedontheencyclopedicepicpoemheentitledTheCantos.II.Pound’sTheoryofImagistPoetry1.Tousethelanguageofcommonspeech,buttoemployalwaystheexactword,notthenearlyexact,northemerelydecorativeword.2.Tocreatenewrhythmsastheexpressionofnewmoodsandnottocopyoldrhythms,whichmerelyechooldmoods.Wedonotinsistupon“free-verse”astheonlymethodofwritingpoetry.Wefightforitasforaprincipleofliberty.Webelievethattheindividualityofapoetmayoftenbebetterexpressedinfree-versethaninconventionalforms.Inpoetryanewcadence(节奏，韵律)meansanewidea.3.Toallowabsolutefreedominthechoiceofsubject.Itisnotgoodarttowritebadlyofairplanesandautomobiles,norisitnecessarilybadarttowritewellaboutthepast.Webelievepassionatelyintheartisticvalueofmodemlife,butwewishtopointoutthatthereisnothingsouninspiringnorsoold-fashionedasanaeroplaneoftheyear1911.4.Topresentanimage(hencethename:Imagist).Wearenotaschoolofpainters,butwebelievethatpoetryshouldrenderparticularsexactlyandnotdealinvaguegeneralities,howevermagnificentandsonorous.Itisforthisreasonthatweopposethecosmicpoet,whoseemstoustoshirktherealdifficultiesofhisart.5.Toproducepoetrythatishardandclear,neverblurrednorindefinite.6.Finally,mostofusbelievethatconcentrationisoftheveryessenceofpoetry.III.TheHistoryofImagistPoetryTheImagistmovementincludedEnglishandAmericanpoetsintheearlytwentiethcenturywhowrotefreeverseandweredevotedtoclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.Astrandofmodernism,Imagismwasofficiallylaunchedin1912whenEzraPoundreadandmarkedupapoembyHildaDoolittle,signeditH.D.Imagiste,andsentittoHarrietMonroeatPoetry.ThemovementsprangfromideasdevelopedbyT.E.Hulme,whoasearlyas1908wasproposingtothePoets'ClubinLondonapoetrybasedonabsolutelyaccuratepresentationofitssubjectwithnoexcessverbiage.ThefirsttenetoftheImagistmanifestowasTousethelanguageofcommonspeech,buttoemployalwaystheexactword,notthenearlyexact,northemerelydecorativeword.ImagismwasareactionagainsttheflabbyabstractlanguageandcarelessthinkingofGeorgianRomanticism.Imagistpoetryaimedtoreplacemuddyabstractionswithexactnessofobserveddetail,aptmetaphors,andeconomyoflanguage.Forexample,Pound'sInaStationoftheMetrostartedfromaglimpseofbeautifulfacesinadarksubwayandelevatedthatperceptionintoacrispvisionbyfindinganintensifiedequivalentimage.Themetaphorprovokesasharp,intuitivediscoveryinordertogetattheessenceoflife.AnImagistanthologywaspublishedin1914thatcollectedworkbyWilliamCarlosWilliams,RichardAldington,andJamesJoyce,aswellasH.D.andPound.OtherimagistsincludedF.S.Flint,D.H.Lawrence,andJohnGouldFletcher.Bythetimetheanthologyappeared,AmyLowellhadeffectivelyappropriatedImagismandwasseenasthemovement'sleader.Threeyearslater,evenAmyLowellthoughtthemovementhadrunitscourse.PoundbythenwasclaimingthatheinventedImagismtolaunchH.D.'scareer.ThoughImagismasamovementwasoverby1917,theideasaboutpoetryembeddedintheImagistdoctrineprofoundlyinfluencedfreeversepoetsthroughoutthetwentiethcentury.IV.Pound'sDefinitionofImagePound'sdefinitionoftheimagewasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.PounddefinedthetenetsofImagistpoetryas:I.Directtreatmentofthething,whethersubjectiveo