7.narration-&-description

《大学英语写作》孔蓓蓓WinonaKongSchoolofForeignStudiesUnitSevenNarration叙述性作文•Passagereading：“ThePresent”英语写作的四种结构•叙述narration•描写description•说明exposition•议论argumentation•这四种写作结构可以在一篇文章中同时出现，如叙述可以在说明文和议论文中出现，议论不仅出现在议论文中，也可以在记叙文中出现。•叙述文本身就是以叙述方式写成的。一篇成功的叙述文的标准是什么？如何写叙述文？成功叙述文的要点包括:TextPointofview视角Theme主题Setting背景Foreshadowing伏笔Symbol象征Plot情节Order顺序1.1Theme主题•叙述文不是记流水账，应当有主题思想。一篇短短的叙述文应集中有限的时空去叙述具有特别意义的事情，从中反映人生体会、人生意义与社会主题。2.Setting背景•背景即故事发生的时间、地点和涉及的人物。一般放在文章的开头交待清楚，以便于读者理解清楚。“ThePresent”3Pointofview视角•视角即观察的角度。用第一人称（I,we）还是用第三人称（he,she）写作。4Order顺序•叙述文一般是按照时间顺序来展开事物的。正序（timesequence）倒叙（flashback）:全部倒叙，部分倒叙5Plot情节•情节是叙述文的主要部分。情节是为主题思想服务的，只能对最能表现主题的情节渲染，才能有感染力。6Foreshadowing伏笔•好的叙述文往往注意伏笔。文章的前面看似一个不经意的描写往往读到后面，给人以极大的震撼力。•Morethantwomonthspassed.Oneevening,whileMotherwassittingnearthelampmendingashirt,thedooropenedandasmallpullofsteam,followedbyahugebundle,entered.Underthebundletotteredtheoldwoman,herfaceaswhiteasalinensheet.Motherutteredahalf-chokedcry,asthoughacorpsehadenteredtheroom,Irantowardtheoldwomanandhelpedherunloadherbundle.7Symbol象征•象征是叙述文中的一个很重要的艺术修辞手段。•象征的使用要注意三点：1.和全文所反映的主题及中心思想有紧密的关系，直接反映主题。2.和所象征的东西有物质上的相似性。3.一般是多次提到的，给读者以强烈的暗示感。Revision•Toachieveunity:Doyoustatethethesisofyournarrativeintheintroductoryparagraph?Ifitisnotstated,haveyouclearlyimplieditsomewhereintheessay?Arethereanyportionsthatdonotsupportthethesis?•Toachievesupport:Doyouhaveenoughdetails,includingdialogue?Seeifduringtherevisionyoucanaddmorevivid,exactdetailsthatwillhelpyourreadersexperiencetheeventasitactuallyhappened.•Toachievecoherence:seeifyouaddtimesignalssuchasfirst,then,next,after,while,during,andfinallytohelpconnectdetailsasyoumovefromthebeginningtothemiddletotheendofthenarrative.•Toachievesentenceskills:proofreadyournext-tofinaldraftforsentence-skillsmistakes,includingspelling.Descriptivewriting•CategorizationofWritinginEnglishDescriptionNarrationExpositionArgumentationDescriptiveWriting•Descriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.DescriptiveWriting•Adescriptionisgenerallydevelopedthroughsensorydetailsortheimpressionofone’ssenses—sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch.Notalldetailsareuseful.Thewritersshouldchoosethosethathelptobringoutthedominantcharacteristicsoroutstandingqualityofthepersonorthingdescribed,andleaveoutthoseirrelevantones,which,ifincluded,wouldonlydistractthereader’sattentionfromthemainimpressionthewriterwishestogive.toadvertiseaproduct?Inthewindowwasafan.Thebladesoftherustywindowfanclatteredandwhirledastheyblewoutastreamofwarm,soggyair.E.g.2isadescriptionrichinsenseimpressionSight:rustywindowfan,whirledHearing:clatteredTouch:warm,soggyairDescriptionofPeopleObjectsPlacesScenesDevelopingadescriptiveessay•ConsideringPurposeandAudienceThemainpurposeofadescriptiveessayistomakereaderssee-orhear,taste,smell,orfeel—whatareyouwritingabout.Whenselectingyourtopic,considerhowmuchyouraudiencealreadyknow.AsaladgreenorsomethingunfamiliarOnceyouhaveselectedyourtopic,focusonthegoalorpurposeofyouressay.Aplayground,apleasantplayarea,ordangerousplace•DevelopmentthroughPrewriting•DevelopmentthroughRevising•ModelThesightofhimashecametotheten-o’clockclasswasinitselfsomethingthathadtoberecognizedasdramatic.Inthepleasantautumnorspring,menstoodhighonthestepsoroutontheturfinfrontandwatchedinthedirectionofChristChurchtoseewhocouldcatchthefirstglimpseofhim.“Therehecomes!”somebodycalled,andtheneverybodywhowasinapositiontoseewatchedhimashehurriedbreezilyalong—agraceful,tallishmaninverylightgraysuitandgrayfedorahat,withafullsquarebeardatleastaswhiteashissuit,whomovedwithenergy,andsmokedpassionatelyatabigcigar.StudentsusedtosaythathesmokedanentirecigarwhilehewalkedtheshortdistancealongtheironfenceoftheoldburyinggroundandacrossthestreetofJohnstongate.Butashecamethroughthegatehetossedtheremnantofhiscigarintotheshrubberywithabitofaflourish,andthestudentsstilloutsidehurriedinandscrambledupthelongstairwayinordertobeintheirplaces--asheliked—beforehehimselfentered.Ifanyofthemwerestillonthestairwaywhenhecameinattheouterdoorlikeagust,theygavewayandhepusheduppastthem,andintothegood-sizedroomdowntheaisletothefront,threwhishatonthetableinthecorner,mountedthetwostepstotheplatform,lookedabouthimwithacommandingeye,andtherewassuddensilenceandunrestrainedexpectancy.Describeinwordsonepersoninthisclassroom.Yourdescriptionisexpectedtohelpothersknowwhoyourtargetis.Foryoutowrite:WritingassignmentWriteanessayaboutaparticularplacethatyouobservecarefullyorthatyoualreadyknowwell.Youmightchooseoneofthefollowingoranotherplaceyouthinkof:PetshopDoctor’swaitingroomBarornightclubLibrarystudyareaYourbedroomorthebedroomofsomeoneyouknowWaitingroomattrainstation,busterminalorairportAntiqueshoporsomeothersmallshop•1.Adescriptivepapermusthaveathesis.Yourthesisshouldstateadominantimpressionabouttheplaceyouraredescribing.•Thestudyareawasnoisy.•Thebedroomwaswell-organized.•Thepetshopwascrowded.•Therestaurantwasnoisy.•Theexamroomwastense.•2.Onceyouhavewrittenyoursentence,makealistofasmanydetailsasyourcantosupportthatgeneralimpression.“TheDinneratMidnight”Tiredworke