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Description,Narration,andDefinitionUnit2Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.FRANCISBACON：OfStudies34-2MainSectionstobeCovered2.1LanguageFunctionsDescriptionNarrationDefinition2.2WritingImprovementExercises34-3DescriptionDescriptionPhysical:people,place,objects,relationshipsGeneralprocessandprocedureThepresentactive/passivetenseThepresentpassivetenseParticularprocessandprocedureThepastpassivetense34-4Description:physical(1)•Onthethirdfingerofmylefthandisthepre-engagementringgiventomelastyearbymysisterDoris.Thefourteencaratgoldband,abittarnishedbytimeandneglect,circlesmyfingerandtwiststogetheratthetoptoencaseasmallwhitediamond.Thefourprongsthatanchorthediamondareseparatedbypocketsofdust.Thediamonditselfistinyanddull,likeasilverofglassfoundonthekitchenfloorafteradishwashingaccident.Justbelowthediamondaresmallairholes,intendedtoletthediamondbreathe,butnowcloggedwithgrime.Theringisneitherveryattractivenorvaluable,butItreasureitasagiftfrommyoldersister,agiftIwillpassalongtomyyoungersisterwhenIreceivemyownengagementringthisChristmas.(theobject:thepresenttense)34-5Description:physical(2)•EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland,acenterforgovernment,business,learningandtheArts.ItisoneofthemostattractivecitiesinBritain.Itshillandcoastlocationcreateaspectacularsite.Therearemanyparksandgardenareas.TheOldTown,runningfromtheCastletoHolyroodPalace,isaWorldHeritageSiteandiscomplementedbytheeleganceofthe18thcenturyNewTown.Thecityhasapopulationofaroundhalfamillionandisreasonablycompact.Mostcitycenterattractionsarewithinwalkingdistanceandtherearegoodbuslinkstooutlyingareas.Edinburghhasalivelyartsscene.Therearegalleries,theatres,cinemasandpubsforeverytaste.Inthesummer,thereareanumberoffestivalsincludingtheEdinburghInternationalFestival.(theplace:thepresenttense)34-6Descriptionofgeneralprocessandprocedure(1)•Paperismadefromwood,andmanyoftheworld’spapermillsarefoundinthosecountrieswhichhavegreatforests–Canada,SwedenandFinland.First,thelogsareplacedintheshredder.Thentheyarecutintosmallchipswhicharemixedwithwaterandacid.Nexttheyareheatedandcrushedtoaheavypulpwhichiscleaned.Itisalsochemicallybleachedtowhitenit.Afterthis,itispassedthroughrollerstoflattenit.Then,sheetsofwetpaperareproduced.Finally,thewaterisremovedfromthesheetswhicharepressed,driedandrefineduntilthefinishedpaperisproduced.(Thepresentpassivetense)34-7Descriptionofgeneralprocessandprocedure(2)•Assoonasfreshtealeavesarepicked,theyaretakendirectlytoaprocessingfactory.Theleavesarefirstallowedtodryandarecrushedeitherbyrollingorbycrushingandtearing.Next,theleavesareleftforatimetoferment.Afteracertainperiodoftime,fermentationishaltedbydryingtheleaveswithhotair,resultinginthefamiliarblackteacolor.Aftertheroasting,thetealeavesarepassedthroughvibratingsieves,gradingthenowblackteatovariousleafsizes.Then,thetealeavesarepackedinboxesandsentallovertheworld.Whenitarrivesataplace,itistastedtocheckitsflavorandquality.Thedifferenttypesofteaaresoldinateamarketandthenmixedtogethertomaketheteawedrink.(Thepresentpassivetense)34-8Descriptionofparticularprocessandprocedure(1)•Twelveresearcharticleintroductionsandabstractswererandomlyselectedfromtwojournals,AnimalBehaviourandConservationBiology,consideredkeyinthetwodisciplinesWildlifeBehaviourandConservationBiologybyspecialistsintheareas.Thefirst12articleintroductionsandabstracts(fromthesamearticles)publishedinthe1995issuesofthetwojournalswereincludedinthecorpus,resultinginatotalof48texts.Theintroductionsandabstractsfromthesetwodisciplineswereanalyzedusingthemodelsemployedinpreviousresearch,namely,Swales(1990)forarticleintroductionsandBhatia(1993)forabstracts.(Thepastpassivetense)34-9Descriptionofparticularprocessandprocedure(2)•Restingmetabolicrate(RMR)andbodyweightforeachwomanweremeasuredapproximatelyevery6weeksduringpregnancy.Subjectswereaskednottoeatorworkbeforethetest.Afterthesubjecthadlainquietlyinanair-conditionedroomfor30minutes,RMRwasmeasuredbyopen-circuitcalorimetry.(Thepastpassivetense)34-10Narration•Whatdoyouthinkisthedifferencebetweendescriptionandnarration?34-11•Ienteredtheconveniencestoreataround8:00pm.AsIwasmakingpaymentforaloafofbreadatthecounter,Inoticedthatamanhadcomethroughthedoorandheadedtowardsthecoolersatthebackofthestore.Ileftthestoretogetintomycar.Walkingacrosstheparkinglot,Iheardshoutingbehindme.Iturnedandsawamanrunningfromthestorecarryingapaperbag.Themanrantoapickupwithadriverwaitinginthestore'sparkinglot.Thepickupscreechedoutofthelotonto4thStreet.IrantotheedgeofthelotandsawthepickupturnrightandoutofsightontoUniversityAvenue.(Tobecontinued)Example34-12Theemployeeworkingbehindthecounterhadcomeoutofthestore.Idon'tthinktheemployeesawtherobbergetintothepickup.Hewasnervous,andhetoldmethatthemanIsawrunningfromthestorehadjustrobbedit.Hesaidtherobberhadagunandhadpointeditathim,demandingallthemoneyfromthetill.Hesaidhegaveittotherobberwhostuffeditintoabagandthenranfromthestore.ThatwasthetimeIsawhim,therobber.Heturnedtowardsmeasherantowardsthepickup.AfterIlearnedwhathadhappened,Itoldtheemployeeheshoulddial911