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Plot样方Treatment处理materials材料fieldtrial大田试验design设计sample样品斑块patch半荒漠semi-desert伴生种companionspecies饱和密度saturationdensity北方针叶林northernconiferforest本能instinct本能行为instinctivebehavior避敌avoidingpredator边缘效应edgeeffect变异性variability表现型适应phenotypicadaptation并行的simultaneous捕食predation不重叠的non-overlapping草原生态系统grasslandsystem层次性结构hierachicalstructure长日照植物longdayplant尺度效应scalingeffect臭氧层破坏ozonelayerdestruction出生率natality或birthrate初级生产者primaryproducer传感器sensor垂直结构verticalstructure春化vernalization次生演替secondarysuccesson存活曲线survivalcurve存活值survivalvalue存在度presence单元的monothetic淡水生态系统freshwaterecosystem氮循环nitrogencycling等级的hierarchical地带性生物群落biome地理信息系统geographicinformationsystem地面芽植物hemicryptophytes地上芽植物chamaephytes点突变genicmutation或pointmutation顶极阶段climaxstage顶极群落climaxcommunity顶极种climaxspecies动态平衡理论dynamicequilibriumtheory短日照植物shortdayplant断层gaps多度abundance多样化variety多元的polythetic厄尔尼诺ElNino反馈feedback反射reflex泛化种generalist防卫行为defenncebehavior非生物环境physicalenvironment非线性关系nonlinear分布dispersion分解者decomposer分子进化的中性理论theneutraltheoryofmolecularevolution分子生态学molecularecology浮游动物plankton负反馈negativefeedback)负相互作用negativeinteraction复合种群metapopulation富营养化现象eutrohication改良relamation盖度coverage盖度比coverratio干扰disturbance干扰作用interference高度height高斯假说Coarse'shypothesis高位芽植物phanerophytes个体individual更新renewal功能生态位functionalniche关键种keystonespecies关联系数associationcoefficients光饱和点lightsaturationpoint光补偿点lightcompensationpoint光周期photoperiod旱生植物siccocolous红树林mangrove呼吸量respiration互利mutualism互利作用synomonal化感作用allelopathy化学生态学chemicalecology环境environment环境容纳量environmentalcarryincapacity荒漠desert荒漠化desertification荒漠生态系统desertecosystem黄化现象eitiolationphenomenon恢复生态学restorationecology混合型mixedtype基础生态位Fundamentalniche基质matrix集群型clumped寄生parasitism加速期acceleratingphase价值value间接排序indirectordination间接梯度分析indirectgradiantanalysis减速期deceleratingphase简单聚合法lumping碱性植物alkalinesoilplant建群种constructivespecies进化适应evolutionaryadaptation经典型复合种群classicmetapopulation经济密度economicdensity景观landscape景观格局landscapepatten景观过程模型processbasedlandscapemodel景观结构landscapestructure景观空间动态模型spatialdynamiclandscapemodel景观生态学landscapeecology竞争competition竞争排斥原理competitionexclusionprinciple距离效应distanceeffect聚合的agglomerative均匀型uniform可持续发展sustainabledevelopment空间结构spatialstructure空间模型spatialmodel空间生态位spatialniche空间异质性spatialheterogeneity库pool廊道corridor离散性discrete利己作用allomona利他作用kairomonal猎食行为huntingbehavior林冠火crownfire磷循环phosphoruscycling零假说nullhypothesis领域性territoriality流flow逻辑斯谛方程logisticequation密度density密度比densityratio密度制约死亡density－dependentmortality面积效应areaeffect灭绝extinction模拟hametic模型modeling内稳态homeostasis内在的intrinsic耐阴植物shade－enduringplants能量分配原则principleofenergyallocation能量流动energyflow年龄分布agedistribution年龄结构agestructure偶见种rarespecies排序ordination配额quota配偶选择mateselection偏害amensalism偏利commensalism频度frequency平衡选择balancingselection平台plantform平行进化parallelevolution栖息地habitat气候驯化acclimatisation器官organs趋光性phototaxis趋化性chemotaxis趋同进化convergentevolution趋性taxis趋异进化divergentevolution趋异适应radiationadaptation取样调查法samplingmethods去除取样法removalsampling全球变暖globalwarnning全球定位系统globalPositioningSystem全球生态学globalecology群丛association群丛组associationgroup群落community群落的垂直结构verticalstructure群落生态学communityecology群落水平格局horizontalpattern群落外貌physiognomy群落演替succession群系formation群系组formationgroup热带旱生林tropicaldryforest热带季雨林tropicalseasonalrainforest热带稀树草原tropicalsavanna热带雨林tropicalrainforest热力学第一定律firstlawofthermodynamics人工斑块introducedpatch人工廊道introducedcorridor人口调查法cencustechnique人口统计学humandemography日中性植物dayneutralplant冗余redundancy冗余种假说Redundancyspecieshypothesis森林生态系统forestecosystem熵值entropyvalue社会性防卫行为defencebehavior社会优势等级dominancehierarchy摄食行为feedbehavior生活史lifehistory生活史对策lifehistorystrategy生活小区biotope生活型lifeform生活周期lifecycle生境habitat生境多样性假说habitatdiversityhypothesis生理出生率physiologicalnatality生理死亡率physiologicalmortality生命表lifetable生态出生率ecologicalnatality生态对策bionomicstrategy生态反作用ecologicalreaction生态幅ecologicalamplitude生态工程ecologicalengineering生态规划ecologicalplanning生态恢复ecologicalrestoration生态旅游ecotourism生态密度ecologicaldensity生态农业ecologicalagriculture生态入侵ecologicalinvasion生态设计ecologicaldesign生态适应ecologicaladaptation生态死亡率ecologicalmortality生态位niche生态位宽度nichebreadth生态位相似性比例nicheproportionalsimilarity生态位重叠nicheoverlap生态文明ecologicalcivilization生态系统ecosystem生态系统产品ecosystemgoods生态系统多样性ecosystemdiversity生态系统服务ecosystemservice生态系统生态学ecosystemecology生态系统学ecosystemology生态型ecotype生态学ecology生态因子ecologicalfactor生态元ecologicalunit生态作用ecologicaleffect生物organism生物地球化学循环biogecochemicalcycle生物多样性biodiversity生物量biomass生物潜能bioticpotential生物群落bioticcommunity，biome生物群落演替succession生殖潜能reproductivepotential剩余空间residualspace湿地wetland湿地植物hygrophyte时间结构temporalstructure实际出生率realizednatality实际死亡率realizedmortality食草动物herbivores食肉动物carnivores食物链foodchain食物网foodwed矢量vector适合度fitness适应辐射adaptiveradiation适应值adaptivevalue适应组合adaptivesuites收获理论harvesttheory收益外泄externalizedprofit衰退型种群contractingpopulation水平格局horizontalpattern水土流失soilandwatererosion水循环watercycling死亡率mortality&deathrate酸性土理论acidsoilplant酸雨acidrain随机型random常用生态学词汇，英汉对照abundance多度acclimation驯化agestru