2.1-材料概论-陶瓷-双语

Chapter3Ceramics陶瓷材料龙志强18702301212重庆理工大学材料科学与工程学院《材料概论》IntroductiontoMaterials2InorganicNon-metallicMaterials陶瓷材料的概念与分类Conceptandclassification陶瓷的结构StructureofCeramics陶瓷材料的制作工艺Manufactureandprocessingtechnologies陶瓷材料的性能及应用Propertiesandapplications2.11陶瓷的概念和分类ConceptandClassifications1.1概念Concept陶瓷Ceramic:烧过的粘土。是陶器(pottery)和瓷器(porcelain)的总称。定义:陶瓷指经过高温处理所合成的无机非金属材料(Inorganic&nonmetallicmaterials),简称无机材料。3.1IntroductionWhatistheceramic•Theword“ceramic”canbetracedbacktoGreekterm“keramos陶器”whichisrelatedtoanoldSanskrit（梵语）rootmeaning“toburn”.•Canbedefinedasinorganiccompoundsmadebyheatingclayorothermineralmattertoahightemperatureatwhichtheypartiallymeltandbondtogether.•Ceramiccanbedefinedasinorganic,nonmetallicmaterials.陶器---瓷器表面效果制作材料烧制温度敲击声音陶器瓷器胎料普通的粘土瓷土（高岭土）温度一般1000度一般1100度表层不施釉或低温釉多施釉吸水性胎质粗松，断面吸水率高胎体坚固致密，断面基本不吸水，敲之发出清脆的金属声响9Ceramicsarerefractorypolycrystalline（多晶）compoundsHighlyinert(惰性);biocompatible(生物适应性的）Hardandbrittle（脆性）Highcompressivestrength（耐压强度）Generallygoodelectricandthermalinsulators(绝缘)Goodaestheticappearance美观Usuallycompound化合betweenmetallicandnonmetallicelementsAlwayscomposedofmorethanoneelementBondsarepartiallyortotallyionic,andmayhavecombinationofionic离子键andcovalentbonds共价键Majority多数hasionic(insaltcompounds)ormetallicandnonmetallicelements(asinoxidesAl2O3,MgO,SiO2)主要组分：硅酸盐化合物在美国，陶瓷泛指硅酸盐材料，又称为传统陶瓷或普通陶瓷。包括日用陶瓷、工业用陶瓷、一般玻璃、水泥、耐火材料等。先进无机材料(advancedinorganicmaterials):用氧化物、氮化物、硅化物、碳化物以至各种无机非金属化合物经过特殊的先进工艺制成的材料。1.2分类Classification12Ceramicstraditionalceramics:derivedandprocessedfromclayornonclaymineralsincludingrefractories（耐火材料),whitewares,cement(水泥),porcelain(瓷器),andstructuralclayceramics.advancedceramics:highpurity,bettermechanical,electrical,magnetic,andopticalproperties1.2.1传统陶瓷Traditionalceramics：又称普通陶瓷，主要是指以天然无机物如粘土等为主要原料、经高温处理得到的制品，主要用于制造日用器皿、生活洁具等生活用具。瓷器Porcelain;Chinaware：细密的陶瓷器皿，质硬、半透明、白色、发声清脆以及无孔，以长石(Feldspar)、石英（Quartz）和高岭石(Kaolin)为基本原料经一次烧成。1314TraditionalCeramics15艺术陶瓷161.2.2先进陶瓷Advancedceramics：又称为精细陶瓷、新型陶瓷、高技术陶瓷、特种陶瓷等。New、technical、engineering、advancedceramics是指以精制的高纯天然无机物或人工合成无机化合物为原料，采用精密控制的制造加工工艺烧结，得到的具有独特性能的高功能陶瓷。21Advancedceramics•Advancedceramicsaredevelopedformrathersimplechemicalcompounds,andadvancesinprocessingwhichhaveprovidedgreatercontrolovertheirstructures.•Advancedceramic:thescaleoftherawmaterialsandmicrostructures,includingthecrystalgrains,crystalinterface,poresanddefectsisatthelevelofmicrons.•先进陶瓷，从原料、显微结构中所体现的晶粒、晶界、气孔、缺陷等在尺度上都是处在微米级的水平。ClassificationbasedonapplicationsAdvanced(New)Ceramicmaterials•OxidesNitridesCarbidesAbrasivesRocketEnginesAbrasives研磨料•BioceramicsGasTurbiness燃气涡轮机ResistanceHeating电阻加热•ElectricalCuttingToolsSteelAdditives•(Steel)•CuttingToolsHighTemperatures•RefractoryBrickSubstrates基板CuttingTools(cermets)•耐火砖ForICChips••GlassAdditivescoatingsArmor•CeramicMatrixComposites•NuclearFuels•ReinforcingFibersAdvancedCeramicsCuttingtoolsZirconiatoughenedalumina氧化锆增强氧化铝2425红色陶瓷系列黑色陶瓷系列黄色陶瓷系列密封环陶瓷系列26点火头系列271.2.3先进陶瓷的分类组成composition：氧化物oxide、氮化物nitride、硅化物silicide、碳化物carbide性能properties&applications：结构陶瓷structuralceramics、功能陶瓷functionalceramics28结构陶瓷:以力学、机械性能为主。Mechanicproperties功能陶瓷:利用材料的电、磁、光、声、热等性能及其耦合效应，如铁电、压电陶瓷、敏感陶瓷、快离子导体陶瓷等。主要从电性能上考虑有绝缘陶瓷、介电陶瓷、半导体陶瓷、导体陶瓷以至高临界温度的超导陶瓷。291.3陶瓷的发展30陶器瓷器（传统陶瓷）高铝质粘土和瓷土的应用釉的发明原料纯化陶瓷工艺的发展陶瓷理论的发展先进陶瓷（微米级）纳米陶瓷高温技术的发展显微结构分析的进步性能研究的深入无损评估的成就相邻学科的推动1.4ApplicationsThermalBarrierCoatings:热屏蔽涂层Lowthermalconductivity传导性reducesmetaltemperatures31ElectronicsPackaging电子封装:Ceramics:ProvidehightemperatureperformanceandthermalexpansioncoefficientmatchtoSiliconHighthermalconductivitydesired32CeramicArmour装甲3334Someotherexamples1.4陶瓷的发展趋向纳米陶瓷nano-ceramic特性：原材料粉末rawmaterialspowder颗粒为纳米级nano-levelgrains；微观结构microstructures,晶粒grains,晶界interfaces，气孔pores以及晶体缺陷defects同样在纳米级nano-level。35两种晶型复合的复相陶瓷：同一化学组成的物质经适当的工艺控制,得到不同晶型和不同的颗粒形貌的复相陶瓷，达到自补强的目的。有机和无机复合的复相陶瓷：介于有机与无机材料之间，不需要高温处理而获得的一种新型材料。金属陶瓷：金属与陶瓷复合的复相陶瓷。363.2StructureofCeramicsCrystallinesolidscomposedofmetallicandnonmetallicmaterialsCeramicsarecrystalstructuresmadeofmetallicionsandInorganicmaterialsBondingiseitherpartiallyorcompletelyionic离子键.（还有共价键covalentbonds）VariablesincludeThemagnitude量级oftheelectricalcharge电荷ontheions;Therelativesizeoftheions离子37PropertiesofCeramicsCorrosionresistance抗腐蚀,chemicalinertness惰性,thermalshockresistance抗热震性,wear-resistance耐磨Electricalproperties:solidelectrolytesinexperimentalbatteriesandfuelcells燃料电池Otheruses:includeautomotivesensors,packagingforintegratedcircuits,electronic/opticaldevices,fiberoptics,microchips,andmagneticheads383.2.1Structureofceramics普通陶瓷的结构Microstructureofordinaryceramics陶瓷是由金属（类金属）和非金属元素之间形成的化合物，其中的原子（离子)主要以共价键或离子键相结合。陶瓷通常是一种多晶多相的聚集体。39普通陶瓷的显微结构主要由晶相、玻璃相、气相及晶界构成。40晶相crystalphaseCrystalphase:themainphaseinceramicmaterials,andcomposedofsomesolidsolutionsandcompoundsh化合物.Itsstructureandmorphology形态decidethemicrostructure,propertiesandapplicationsofceramics.41IntroductionStructureofceramics:mostvariesfromrelativelysimpletohighlycomplex.Beingcompounds,ceramicsaremadeofdifferenttypesofa