提高汽油辛烷值添加剂或产品

OCTANEENHANCINGPETROLADDITIVES/PRODUCTSLITERATUREREVIEWANDANALYSISSeptember2000DUNCANSEDDON&ASSOCIATESPTYLTD.116KOORNALLACRESCENTMOUNTELIZAVICTORIA3930TEL[phone]FAX[phone]E-mail:[e-mail]&AssociateshasbeenretainedbyEnvironmentAustraliatoprovidealiteraturesurveyandanalysisofoctaneenhancersthatmaybeusedinAustraliaandhelpthenationtoimplementbetterfuelqualitystandards.ThereporthasbeenpreparedforthesolebenefitofEnvironmentAustralia.AnythirdpartyinthepossessionofthereportmaynotrelyuponitsconclusionswithoutthewrittenconsentofDuncanSeddon&Associates.DuncanSeddon&Associatesconductedthisanalysisandpreparedthisreportutilisingreasonablecareandskillinapplyingmethodsofanalysisconsistentwithnormalindustrypractice.Allresultsarebasedoninformationavailableatthetimeofthestudy.Changesinfactorsuponwhichthestudyisbasedcouldaffecttheresults.Thereisnoimpliedwarrantyormerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurposeshallapply.AcknowledgmentDuncanSeddon&AssociatesexpressesitssincerethankstocontributionsfromDr.JohnHarrisofRMITforhisassistanceandanalysisoftheblendingofoxygenateadditivesandgasoline.IwouldalsoliketothankProfessorJormaAhokasandPeterJacksonofRMITforusefulcommentaryonthetoxicityofadditivesandforprovidingareferencetoNOHSCdata.iiiEXECUTIVESUMMARYOverviewThemovetoharmoniseAustralianfuelstandardswiththoseofEuropewillhaveaprofoundeffectonthemanufactureandsupplyofpetrol.Amongstotherfactors,harmonisationrequiresanincreaseinmotoroctane.ThisisthesubjectofthisReview.Aswellasincreasingoctane,harmonisationwillrequirelimitstobeplacedonthelevelsofaromaticsandolefinesinthepetrol.Thesecomponentshaveanaturallyhighoctaneandthenewlimitswillmakethemanufactureofhigh-octanepetrolmoredifficult.Whilstthiscanbeachieved,itwillonlybedonesoatanincreasedcosttothemotoristandanincreasedcosttotheenvironment.Inordertoamelioratethesecosts,octane-enhancingadditivesmayproveusefultoAustralianrefinersandimporters.Theavailability,costandenvironmentalimpactoftheseadditivesarereviewed.Weareconcernedwiththeproductionofpetrol,whichhasnootherusethanasafuelfortransport.Petrolcomprisesamixtureofmanythousandsofdifferenthydrocarboncompoundsplusadditivesthatmaycontainotherelements.Veryfewarenon-toxicorunhazardousinsomewayorother.Althoughusedinlargequantitiesbythemotorist,thegeneralpublicrarelycomesintocontactwithpetrol.Itisalwaysconfinedtosealedvessels,andmodern-fillingtechniquesminimisesfugitiveemissionsandsplashes.Likethecomponentsofpetrol,eachoftheoctane-enhancingadditivespresentenvironmentalandhealthissues.Alloftheproblemsaresolvablewithintheboundariesoffuelproduction,storage,transportanddistribution.Fuelharmonisationisoccurringacrosstheworld.Whilsttheprimaryaimistofacilitatetheintroductionofbetteremissionstandardsforvehicles,therewillbeanothereffect,namelyanincreaseintradeoffuelsasopposedtobasestocksandrefineryintermediates.Becausefuelswillbeproducedtosimilarstandardsacrossarangeofcountries(egSouthAsia),therewillbeanopportunityforrefinerstobenefitfromeconomiesofscaleandsupplyseveralmarketswithpetrol.Thiswillservetobenefitthemotoristbyholdingdownpricerisesthatwouldotherwiseoccurasaresultoftheincreasedcostsofproductionofthebetterqualityfuel.ivAlthoughtherewillbeopportunitiesforthelargerandmoremodernAustralianrefineries,theincreasedcostofproducingthehigherqualityfuelsmaycreatedifficultiesforthesmallerandolderrefineries.Marketsharecurrentlysuppliedbythelatterrefineriesmaybelosttointerstaterefineriesandimports.Becauseofthelargevolumeuseofpetrol,andtominimiseshippingcosts,itisshippedinrelativelylargevessels.Topermiteffectivetradeandpreventshortages,wehavetoguardagainstusingAustralianfuelstandardsasameansofunfairlydiscriminatingagainstimportedproduct.Thedangeristhetendencytobanspecificpetrolcomponentsasareactiontoadversemediacoverageortopacifylocalpoliticalpressure.Obviouslylocalbansofspecificcomponentsiscontrarytofuelharmonisation.AspecificcaseinpointistheetheradditiveMTBE.Thisisthemostwidelyusedoctane-enhancingadditive,butiscurrentlyundersuspicionintheUSasacontaminantofwatersupplies.Becauseofthecontaminationofvessels,banningMTBE(andsimilarethers)couldeffectivelypresentabarriertoimportinglowercostpetrol.Further,banningethers(oranyotheradditive)wouldrequireextensivetestingofproduct.Becauseofthescaleofimport,refusalofentryofacontaminatedvessel,wouldresultindisruptionstothelocalpetrolsupplychain,inevitablyincreasedpricesforthemotorist,andpotentiallyshortagesandrationing.Takingallofthesepointsintoconsideration,andaimingtoachievetheoptimumoutcomeforthemotorist,refiner,importerandtheenvironment,thedirectionoftherecommendationsistofacilitatemaximumflexibilityinthesupplyofpetroltotheproposednew,higher-octanepetrolstandards.ReviewFindingsItistechnicallyfeasibleforAustraliatoadoptEuro-3petrolstandardswithoutresortingtooctaneenhancers.However,thiswillconstraintheindustrytoproducingpetrolhighinaromatics.Massproductionofhighoctane98RONandEuro-4fuelwillprobablyrequireoctaneenhancers.Suitableoctaneenhancersarealcohols,ethersandorganometallicssuchastheadditiv