TRMM&GPM简介

TRMM&GPM简介汇报人：张洪胜TheTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)IntroductionTheTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)isajointmissionbetweenNASAandtheJapanAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA)designedtomeasurerainfallforweatherandclimateresearch.TheTRMMobservatorywaslaunchedin1997intoanearcircularorbitofapproximately350kilometersaltitudewithaninclinationof35degreesandaperiodof91.5minutes(15.7orbitsperday).DuringAugust2001,theTRMMaltitudewasraisedtoapproximately402.5kilometerswithaperiodof92.5minutes(15.6orbitsperday).ThePrecipitationProcessingSystem(PPS)isthedataprocessingandscienceinformationsystemforTRMMandGPM.TheEarthObservingSystemDataandInformationSystem(EOSDIS)servesasthelong-termarchiveforallTRMMdataproducts.TRMM卫星共搭载5种遥感仪器,分别为:可见光和红外扫描仪VIRS(VisibleandInfraredScanner)、TRMM微波图像仪TMI(TRMMMicrowaveImager)、降水雷达PR(PrecipitationRadar)、闪电图像仪LIS(LightingImagingSensor)及云和地球辐射能量系统CERES(CloudsandtheEarth’sRadiantEnergySystem),其中VIRS、TMI和PR为TRMM卫星的基本降水测量仪器。搭载仪器TRMM数据共有5个层次(0~4),它们分别代表经过不同处理的资料:第0级，以时间为序并且有质量控制的原始卫星数据;代码名称1B01VIRSRadiance1B11TMIBrightnessTemperatures1B21PRPower1C21PRReflectivities…二级产品代码2A12TMIProfiling2A21SurfaceCrossSection2A23PRQualitative2A25PRProfile2B31TRMMCombined…三级产品代码名称3A11TMIEmission3A12MonthlyTMIProfiling3A25MonthlyPRRainfall3G25GriddedOrbitalSpectralLatentHeating…第4级,TRMM资料与其它探测资料联合反演得到的数据产品。数据产品TheEarthObservingSystemDataandInformationSystem(EOSDIS)servesasthelong-termarchiveforallTRMMdataproducts.EOSDISdataStructuresSwathStructureLevels1B,1C,2A,and2Bproducts.PlanetaryGridStructureLevel3Aand3Bproducts.HDF4格式数据格式数据格式TRMM卫星资料在热带降水的测量、降水预报准确率的提高、暴雨研究、预报模式的数据同化、热带海面温度反演、热带气旋的观测等方面的均有较好应用。产品应用1）对暴雨的准确预报一直是气象预报者所追求的目标,为此应精确了解暴雨的三维结构及暴雨的分布形式。TRMM卫星提供了大量暴雨的三维结构资料和云微物理参数。2）与雨滴谱相结合，利用雨滴谱资料对降水的分类和计算的Z-R关系，对TRMM卫星的降水反演进行修正和比较。AmajorsourceoferrorintherainfallestimatesfromtheTRMM/PRcomesfromtheuncertaintyintheconversionofradarreflectivityintorainfallrate.Thisuncertaintyoriginatesinthevariationsoftheraindropsizedistribution(DSD)thatchangesbyregion,seasonandraintype.Thethree-dimensionalimageatleft,madefromPRdata,showsTropicalCycloneMagdaoffthecoastofAustraliaonJanuary21,2010.Redshadesindicatetaller,moreintensethunderstormsnearMagda’seyewall.This3-DimageofHurricaneSandy'srainfallwascreatedusingTRMMPrecipitationRadardata.ItshowsthestormasitappearedonOct.28,2012.TheimageatleftshowsrainfallmeasurementsoverthePacificOceanfromTyphoonBophaasacquiredbytheTRMMMicrowaveImager(TMI)andPrecipitationRadar(PR)onDecember12,2012.Theimagesareoverlaidonavisible/infraredimagefromTRMM’sVisibleandInfraRedScanners(VIRS)thatshowsthestorm’sclouds.ThisanalysisshowsthatBophahadawell-definedeyewithveryheavyrainfallingatarateofover80millimetersperhour(~3.1inchesperhour).Ground-basedradarsarealmostuniversallylocatedonlandandcannotmakethesetypesofmeasurementsoveroceans.TheGlobalPrecipitationMeasurementMission(GPM)TheGlobalPrecipitationMeasurement(GPM)missionisaninternationalnetworkofsatellitesthatprovidethenext-generationglobalobservationsofrainandsnow.BuildinguponthesuccessofTRMM,theGPMconceptcentersonthedeploymentofa“Core”satellitecarryinganadvancedradar/radiometersystemtomeasureprecipitationfromspaceandserveasareferencestandardtounifyprecipitationmeasurementsfromaconstellationofresearchandoperationalsatellites.TheGPMCoreObservatorylaunchedonFebruary27th,2014at1:37pmESTfromTanegashimaSpaceCenter,Japan.IntroductionIlustrationofthemultipleprecipitationmeasurementsatelliteswhichcomprisetheGPMconstellation.GPM构成DiagramofswathcoveragedbyGPMsensors.搭载仪器Theseinstrumentswillcollectimprovedobservationsthatwillallowscientiststobetter“see”insideclouds.TheGMIhasthecapabilitytomeasuretheamount,size,intensityandtypeofprecipitation,fromheavy-to-moderateraintolightrainandsnowfall.TheDPRwillreturnthree-dimensionalprofilesandintensitiesofliquidandsolidprecipitation.TheGPMconstellationwillprovidemeasurementsonthe:1)intensityandvariabilityofprecipitation;2)three-dimensionalstructureofcloudandstormsystems;3)microphysicsoftheiceandliquidparticleswithinclouds;4)amountofwaterfallingtotheEarth’ssurface.ObservationsfromtheGPMconstellation,combinedwithland-surfacedata,willimprove:1)weatherforecastmodels;2)climatemodels;3)integratedhydrologicmodelsofwatersheds;4)forecastsofhurricanes,landslides,floodsanddroughts.产品应用OnOct.4at0940UTC(5:40a.m.EDT)GPMobservationssuggestedHurricaneSimonwashidingaverycompacteyewallhoursbeforedetectionofrapidintensificationofHurricaneSimon'ssurfacewinds.ImageCredit:NASA/JAXA,OwenKelleyThiseyewall,ahollowringofintensestorms,hadadiametertoosmalltobedetectedbyothersatelliteinstrumentsorwithrealtimewindanalysesthatblendtogethersuchsatelliteobservations,saidOwenKelleyofNASA'sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.KelleyanalyzedtheGPMdata.Theintenseconvectivecells(small,intense,short-livedrainstorms)thatsometimesoccurincompacteyewallsareknowntobeabletocauserapidintensificationofhurricanes,butsuchsmallfeaturesareonlyeasytodetectwithradar.Thatbasicallymeansradar-equippedaircraftortheGPMsatellitemustflyoverthestorm.TheGPMMicrowaveImagerobservationssuggestedthatc