概括段意Summary-Writing详解

SummaryWritingObjectives1.Giveanappropriatedefinitionforasummary2.Knowthecharacteristicsofagoodsummary3.Learnthetechniquesinsummarywriting4.Learnthestepsinsummarywriting5.PracticeI.Whatisasummary?Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement---inyourownwords---ofthecontentsofapassage.Note:yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.UseofSummaryWritingVerygoodexerciseforimprovingreadingcomprehension;Helpfultocompositionwriting;Havingpracticaluses.II.CharacteristicsofagoodsummaryCanbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetotheoriginal;Isafaithfulreproductionof,orcontainsonlytheideasorinformationof,theoriginal;Isbriefwithoutanyunnecessarydetail;IsareadableunifiedwholeIII.Howtowriteasummary?1.Theimportanceofsummarywriting2.NecessaryelementsforagoodsummaryPropercitationtitle,author,source;dateofpublicationandthetext(journalarticles)Thesisstatementthetopicorgeneralsubjectmatterofthetext;theauthor’smajorassertion,comment,orpositiononthetopicSupportingideasmajorsupportingideas;relationshipsamongtheseideasnospecificstheauthor’spurposeinwritingnopersonalopinions,ideas,andinferences.Grammarandthestructureofwritingavoiddirectquotation;usetransitionalwordsLength1/4to1/3oftheoriginalReadthearticleTounderstandthearticleandfindthegeneraltheme.RereadthearticleDivideintosectionsandlabeleachsection.Understandtheimportantparts.Writeone-sentencesummariesSummarizeeachsectionofthought.StepsinwritingasummaryReadingA.Readthepassagethroughcarefullytogetthegistofit;B.Giveatitletoyoursummary;C.Youshouldnowinthepositiontodecidewhatpartsofthepassageareessentialandwhatpartsarecomparativelyunimportantandcanbeomittedwithoutmuchloss.D.Jotdowninbriefnotesthemainpoints.FormulatethethesisstatementWeavetheone-sentencesection-summariestogether.WritethefirstdraftA.Inthefirstsentenceortwo:1.Theauthor’sname2.Thearticle’sorchapter’sname3.Theauthor’sthesisstatementB.Thenthesummarysentencesforeachparagraphorsection.C.Expressinyourownwords,toavoidplagiarism.D.Occasionalsupportingideasifnecessary.Note:1.Eliminateunnecessarywordsandrepetitions.2.Eliminatepersonalideasandinferences.3.Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.4.Concludewitha‘summingup’sentence.Editthedraft•Isalltheimportantinformationinthesummary?•AmIlistingthingsout?•AmIsayingthesamethingoverandoveragain?•HaveIleftoutmypersonalviewsandideas?•Doesmysummary‘hangtogether’?•Ismygrammar,punctuation,andspellingcorrect?WritethefinaldraftIV.Techniquesinsummarywriting1.ParaphrasingToparaphrasemeanstocompletelyandcorrectlyexpressotherpeople’sideasinone’sownwords.Examples:1.You’vecookedusallahotpotato.(atroublesomepersonorissue)2.Preventionisbetterthancure.(Itisbettertopreventsomethingunpleasantfromhappeningthantrytoputitrightafterwards.)★Ithelpsusunderstandtheoriginalbetter.★Ithelpsusgraspthecentralideaandthemainpoints.★Ithelpsuswritesummariesthatarebriefandtothepoint,andinourownwords.Theimportanceofparaphrasing★Readtheoriginalcarefullyandcomprehenditsmeaningwhollyandcorrectly.★Considertheoriginalarticleasawhole,notinisolatedsentences.Stepsofparaphrasing2.GraspingthecentralideasIII.Techniquesinsummarywriting3.WaysofcondensationUsesynonymsorsynonymousphrasesHehadagoodcommandofEnglish.(HeknewEnglishwell.)ChangethestructureofsimplesentencesMybrotherhasanappreciationofmodernart.(Mybrotherappreciatesmodernart.)III.TechniquesinsummarywritingTurncomplexsentencesintosimplesentencesHereceivedawelcomethatwasascoldasice.(Hereceivedanicywelcome.)CombinethesentencesHurryup.Ifyoudon’t,you’llmissthetrain.(Hurryuporyou’llmissthetrain.)4.Findingthetopicsentenceandmakinganoutlinetopicsentence/outlineTechniquesinsummaryOmitdetails.Reducetheexamples.Simplifythedescriptions.Eliminateallrepetitions.CompresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowordsHiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.“Theaccountthewitnessgaveoftheincidentmadeeveryonethathearditlaugh.ReplaceclausesorsentenceswithphrasesBeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andYellowMountain,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthosemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettercommunication.UsegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwordsShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.Shebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazinestoreadduringthevacation.Usetheshortestpossibletransitions.Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeeches.KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul-it'snotatallgoodforyou!Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn'thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful...likeeatingcardboardorsand...justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit