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Unit2CloningLearningaboutLanguageGrammarI.什么是同位语？•1..Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。（ournewteacher是对Smith的解释说明，同一人，是Smith的同位语）•2.YesterdayImetTom,afriendofmybrother's.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。•(afriendofmybrother's是Tom的同位语,指同一人)•3.Beijing,thecapitalofChina,hasalonghistory.北京，中国的首都，历史悠久。（thecapitalofChina是对Beijing的说明，是同一物，是Beijing的同位语。）•【同位语定义】一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。•(以上同位语是单个名词充当。)语法精解(一)1.同位语theAppositive同位语是句子成分的一种,它位于名词、代词后面,说明它们的性质和情况,它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有以下几种：(1)名词Tom,ourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.(2)代词Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.(3)数词Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.(4)从句Hetoldmethenewsthattheplanehadexploded.他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。(5)由suchas,thatis引导Somesubjects,suchasmathsandphysics,areverydifficulttolearn.某些学科,例如数学和物理,是很难学的。(6)由of引导ThecityofBeijinghasbeengreatlychangedsince2000.自从2000年以来,北京市发生了很大的变化。(7)由or引导Thefreezingtemperature,orfreezingpoint,isthetemperatureatwhichwaterfreezesunderordinarypressure.结冰温度即冰点,是水在常压下结冰时的温度。一.指出下例句子划线部分是什么句`子成份。1.ThereisgoingtobeaChinesefilmtonight.()2.SheistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.()配套练习(一)表语谓语3.Herwishistobecomeateacher.()4.He,mybrother,managedtofinishtheworkintime.()5.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.()表语同位语状语6.WefounditimportanttolearnEnglish.()7.Doyouhaveanythingelsetowash?()8.Tobehonest,yourwritingisn’tsogood.()形式宾语定语插入语9.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyourname?()10.Theynoticedamanentertheroom.()间接宾语、直接宾语宾语补足语1.Myperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard,___,Ifailed.A.intheendB.afterallC.inotherwordsD.atthesametime二.单项填空。C2.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,___Iwillalwaystreasure.(NMET2002)A.thatB.oneC.itD.whatB1.OnmywayhomeImetanoldfriendofmy.2.Theypaidnoattentiontothedoctor’sadvicetheyshouldstopsmoking.三.单句改错第二个my改为mine在they前加thatII.同位语从句theAppositiveclause一、同位语从句的定义在主从复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。例如：Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。(that从句是对thenews具体内容的解释)语法精解(二)可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt,promise,message,question,word（消息）,possibility等，同位语从句时对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that,连接副词how,when,where,whether,what等。e.g.Thehopethathemayrecoverisnotgoneyet.Theproblemwhetherweshouldcontinuetodotheexperimenthasbeensolved.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomeback.二、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether；连接代词who,whom,which,what等；连接副词how,when,where，why等。（注：that在从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用；if不能引导同位语从句。）例如：•1.Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我听到了我们对获胜的消息。•2.Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.我不知道你在这里。•3.Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。•4.Ihavenoideawhatsizeshoesshewears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）•5.Ihavenoideawhichwineisbest—it’samatterofpersonaltaste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。（which作定语）•6.Thequestionwhowilltakehisplaceisstillnotclear.（who作主语）•7.Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。(where作地点状语)三、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。例如：注意:1.ThestorygoesthatWilliamTellkilledthekingwithanarrow.2.Wordcamethattheirteamhadwon.•3.Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity．他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城。•4.Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自检阅他们。⑵同位语从句的表现形式:①由that引导Thefactthatyouhaven’tenoughtimetodotheworkissimplyunbelievable.Thehopethathemaycomehereisnotgoneyet.ThenewsthathehasbeenelectedpresidentoftheUnitedStatesistrue.Thetruththatheavyobjectsandlightobjectsfallatthesamespeedisknowntoall.Theproblemthatshelaterdevelopedaseriouslungdiseasebotheredscientists.②由whether引导Thequestionwhetherweneedmoretimetodotheworkhasnotbeendiscussed.③由when引导Ihavenoideawhentheywillgo.四、有时可用namely(即),thatistosay(也就是说),inotherwords(换句话说),thatis(那就是),forexample等引出同位语,说明其前面的名词或代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词的后面。1.Hetoldusthegoodnews,namely,themuseumisopentoall.2.ThereisonlyonewayofimprovingyourEnglish,thatis,topracticemore.3.AltogetherDollyhadlivedforsixyears,halfthelengthofthelifeoftheoriginalsheep.•五、同位语从句-特殊形式：当名词为suggestion,request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。例如：•1）Shemadearequestthatthedoctor(should)besentforatonce.她请求立即请医生来。•2）Thesuggestionthatanewbridge(should)bebuiltwasaccepted.修建一座新桥的建议被采纳了。•【小结】：suggestion（建议），order（命令），request（要求），proposal（建议；提议），requirement（要求），command（命令），advice（建议），proposition（提议）和recommendation（建议）等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”的形式，其中should可省略。III.同位语从句与定语从句的区别:同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常常混淆,我们可以从以下几个方面区别它们:①同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词;定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。WeexpressthehopethattheywillcometovisitChinaagain.(同位语从句)Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.(定语从句)②同位语从句所说明的名词在从句中不充当句子成分；从句只是对名词具体内容的解释说明。定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。Thenewsthattheywonthematchistrue.(同位语从句,news在从句中没有充当成分)Thenewsthatyoutoldusyesterdayistrue.(定语从句,news是told的逻辑宾语)Theorderwhenweshouldgobackhasn’treachedus.(同位语从句,order在从句中没有充当成分)ThedaywhenNewChinawasfoundedwillneverbeforgotten.(定语从句,day是founded的逻辑状语)③引导词的不同：同位语从句主要由连接词that引导，有时也可用what,how,whether,whatever等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句;定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。Thenheraisedthequestionwheretheyweretogetthemachineneeded.Doyouknowtheplacewherehewasborn?④从引导词