文献综述literature-review-of-outsourcing

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LiteratureReviewonOutsourcinginElectronicsIndustryinChinaWordcount:2,0001.0introductionOutsourcingreferredtoverticalspecialization.Itissimplythefarmingoutofabusinessfunctiontoathirdpartyanditcoversacontractualagreementonexchangeofservicesandpayments.Severalresearcheshaveacknowledgedsignificanceofoutsourcing.Calafforeseesanincreasingtrendofcompanies’outsourcingtheirproductionstootherswhoareexpertiseinproductmanufacturing(MasonandCole,2003).Apartfromhisconcern,outsourcingalsodrawsattentionfromresearcherslikeScottJ.Mason,DieterErnst,MasaakiKotabeandsoon.Whattomentionisthattheseresearchespaytheirspecialattentiononprocessofoutsourcing,orsomenewtechniquedevelopmentappliedinoutsourcing.HoweverthereisalackofstudytheevolutionprocessofOutsourcinginspecialIndustrytoidentifysomeintrinsiclawsduringtheevolution.ThepurposeofthisessayistochooseElectronicsIndustryasatypicalexampletofillthisgaptostudythedevelopmentprocessofOutsourcinginElectronicsIndustrymakealiteraturereviewaboutChina’scurrentoutsourcing,historicaldevelopmentofoutsourcingandeffectsofoutsourcing,andtoidentifysomeintrinsiclawsduringtheevolution2.0EvaluationofOutsourcinginElectronicsIndustry2.1EvolutionofGlobalOutsourcingOvertime,therearethreeerasthroughthehistoryofelectronicsmanufacturing:vacuumtubeeratransistoreraandintegratedcircuitera.Theyhavewitnessedhowoutsourcingemergedandevolved.Mason’sstudyshowsthatapproximately10yearsagonomorethan5percentageofallmanufacturingwasoutsourced.However,globalcomponents’sourcingwasseenasasignificanttrendamongmanufacturingcompanies(Quinn,1999;Kotabe,2002;Mol,etal.,2005).Whiletherebeganasurgeinmanufacturingoutsourcingonlargescaleinthemid-1990s.Then,overtime,changeshadtakenplacewiththedevelopmentofeconomyandtechnology,thankstowhichproductsgrewmoreandmorecomplicated(Delattre,etal.,2003).Arealizationhasemergedthatelectronicsmanufacturersshouldboostinvestmentsincapitalequipmentandcontractmanufacturingstartedtogrow.Inresponse,outsourcingbecomeanefficientapproachforOEMstocutcost,focuscorecompetition,respondquicklytonewchangesandtotightenplanningprocesses.AlDelattre,TomHessandKenChiehcomposedanessayonelectronicsmanufacturingtransformationinchangingbusinessclimates.Theydidacomparisonjobbetweentoday’soutsourcingandmoretraditionalforms.Onemajordifferenceisthatpartnersnowmustworktogethertoconfrontwithstrategicriskandtoachievestrategicoutcomes.Anotherisstandardofperformanceevaluationsystem--performanceisevaluatedbynotjustreductionofcost,butalsobyrevenue,earningspershareandmarketshare(Delattre,HessandChieh,2003).Finally,today’soutsourcingishighlydependentupontightconnectionbetweenpartners.Theessayalsodemonstrateshowtomakethemostofoutsourcingarrangement.“Innovationiswidelyacknowledgedtobeamajorsourceofeconomicgrowth.”DieterErnstputsitinhisessay.HedemonstratesthattheleadersofAsia’selectronicsindustryareundertakingatransitiontowardscommerciallyviableinnovationandthatAsianfirmswillbegivennewopportunitiestoimprovetheirinnovativecapacities.Andinnovationdevelopsduetotheemergingofglobalnetworkseconomywhosecharacteristicscoververticalspecialization(alsocalledoutsourcing),globalnetworkintegrationandIT-basedinformationmanagement(Ernst,2003;Egger&Egger,2003).ThisimpliesthatoutsourcingisnolongerrestrictedtomanufacturingbutnowextendstoR&Dactivitiesandeveryotherstagesofthevaluechain.With“integration”ascomplementandlarge-scaleglobalcorporationsasintegrators,outsourcingleadstomulti-layeredproductionandinnovationnetworks(Christopher,2009).2.2AnalysisofChina’sOutsourcinginElectronicsIndustryWiththerapiddevelopmentofglobalization,thegeographicscaleincreasedandthedegreeofeconomicintegrationwasdeepened(Sturgeon,2004;Doigetal.,2001).Theelectronicsindustryreacheditclimaxaroundtheworldinanoperationalsense.Throughouttheformerdecadeuntilrecentyears,lotsofOEMshavebeenlearningtotakeadvantageofoutsourcingalternativesavailabletothem.Afteroutsourcinghascontributedtooperationalintegrationoftangibleproductslikeelectronics,apparelandmotorvehicles,itisstillontheriseandextendsintomanyotherfields,concludedbyAijitSingh,thepresidentofConcorde,CA-basedSiemensMedicalSolutionsOncologyCareSystemsDivision.MerrillLynch’s2003EMSOutsourcingSurveysaidthatthevalueofelectronicscontractmanufacturingwouldberaisedby$10billion,comparedwiththatof2002(Teng,2004).Asaso-calledworld’sfactory,Chinahasbeenabigmanufacturerofproductsaroundtheworld.Itshippedmorethan$593billionworthofproductsgloballyin2004andthusmaintainedthethirdbiggesttradingnationintheworld(Janssen,2009).Morethanthat,figuresfromReedElectronicsResearch’sYearbookofWorldElectronicsDatarevealedthatChinahadbestedalltheothermanufacturersofelectronicproductsin2006.Successfullygettinginvolvedintoglobalizationanddominatingtheglobalelectronicsindustry,Chinaadoptedoutsourcingasitsefficienteconomicstrategy.AccordingtotheChineseministryofinformationindustry(MII),outsourcingfeaturestheelectronicsmanufacturingindustryintheYangtzeandPearlRiverdeltasofChina,whichisprovedbytheincreaseofEMSrevenuesof2004intheseareasandevenmoreODMsfrommainlandChina.Andi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