质性研究入门.ppt

LOGO质性研究入门章崇会研究问题研究目的研究背景研究方法研究效度研究时代背景下的人性问题我们必须借有适当的“中介”来认识研究对象。你没有相应的背景，就看不出来，就是从实际出发就是看看到底怎么回事？中介：创造出各种超验的哲学学说，如人类为了寻求最根本的东西的意义，创造本体论（可能隐藏在经验背后），它在一段时间内就是人们普遍认为的超验的存在。社会科学的哲学背景：本体论(ontology)—无本体论；主客体关系—主体间（intersubjective）关系；现象学（本质即现象）--阐释学（理解和阐释）--建构主义（建构现实）……。Insearchofexcellence:lessonsformAmerica’sbest-runcompaniesPetersandWaterman(1982)Theyvisitedcompanies,conductedextensiveinterviews,andstudiedcorporatedocuments.Theyextractedeightattributesofexcellence:abiasforaction;closetothecustomer;autonomyandentrepreneurship;productivitythroughpeople;hands-on,value-driven;sticktotheknitting;simpleform,leanstaff;andsimultaneousloose-tightproperties.Theirresearchhelpedlaunchthequalitymovementthathasnowmovedfrombusinessworldtonot-for-profitorganizationsandgovernment.HighlyeffectivepeopleStephencovey(1990)Casestudiesandidentifiedsevenhabitsthesepeoplepractice:beingproactive;beginningwiththeendinmind;puttingfirstthingsfirst;thinkwin/win;seekingfirsttounderstand,thenseekingtobeunderstood;synergizing,orengagingincreativecooperation;self-renewal.AnastuteanddedicatedobserverofrelationshipClarkMoustakeas(1995),ahumanisticpsychologistandphenomenologist.Drewdeeplyonhisownexperiencesandclinicalcasestoidentify,distinguish,andelaboratethreeprimaryprocessesthatcontributetothedevelopmentofarelationship:Being-in,Being-for,andBeingwith.Beingwith,asenseofjointenterprise—twopeoplefullyinvolved,struggling,exploring,sharing.Throughcases,dialogues,quotations,case,andintrospectivereflections.Authorilluminatestheprocessofmovingtheprocessandexemplifiesthecontributionofphenomenologicalinquirytohumanisticpsychology.Thedesignofaresearchstudybeginswiththeselectionofatopicandaparadigm.Aparadigmisessentiallyaworldview,awholeframeworkofbeliefs,valuesandmethodswithinwhichresearchtakesplace.Itisthisworldviewwithinwhichresearcherswork.AimforcredibilityThetheoreticalpositioningoftheresearcherThecongruencebetweenmethodologyandmethodsThestrategiestoestablishrigorTheanalyticlensthroughwhichthedataareexaminedTheoreticalpositioningReferstotheresearcher’smotives,presuppositions,andpersonalhistorythatleadshimorhertoward,andsubsequentlyshapes,aparticularinquiry.Afurtherpositioningoccursthroughdisciplinarysocializationtoparticularresearchapproaches.Disciplinarysocializationoccurswhenaresearchreceiveshisorherresearchtrainingwithinadisciplinarycultureorsettingwhereaparticularapproachiswellknownandaccepted.Theirfailuretoaddressthesefoundationsmaybemorereflectionoftheireducationalexposurethantheirpersonalresearchcapacity.Investigatorsmustalsodemonstratecongruencebetweenthequestionsposedandthegenericapproachemployed.MethodologyandmethodsThetermsmethodologyandmethodareusedsynonymouslyorareusedinaninconsistentmanner.Sorelevantmethodologicalissuesandmethodmustbeunderstoodandclearlyarticulatedingenericqualitativestudies.Disciplinaryallegiancesmustbemadeexplicitthenfortworeason:1.Asasignaltotheresearcher’stheoreticalpositioning2.Asanindicationofthepossibledisciplinary-relatedmethodologicalinterpretationsandassociatedmethodsofauthorsThestrategiestoestablishrigorOurpositionisthatqualitativeresearchersneedto:1.Articulateaknowledgeable,theoreticallyinformedchoiceregardingtheirapproachtorigor2.SelectanapproachthatisphilosophicallyandmethodologicallycongruentwiththeirinquiryResearchers’approachestothesetwoissuesmustreflectanunderstandingthatrigorisadeeplytheoreticalissue,notatechnicaloneInvestigatorsneedtoensurerigorbyadheringtoprinciplesthatarecongruentwiththeassumptionsoftheapproachtheyareusing.Ifaparticipatoryactionapproachisused,thestudymaybeevaluatedthedegreetowhichthecollaborationwasachieved,andchangefacilitatedamongparticipantsandresearchers.Theresearchchoicesmadeinanygenericstudyareinformedbyasetofassumptions,preconceptionsandbeliefs.Theseinfluencesneedtobearticulated.TheanalyticlensRefertothemethodologicalandinterpretivepresuppositionsthataresearcherbringstobearonhisorherdata.Theanalyticlensisabouthowtheresearcherengageswithhisorherdata.Identificationoftheresearcher’spositionisoftheutmostimportance,andresearchersmustmaketheirownassumptionsclear,aswellasensurethatthemethodstheychoosearecongruentwiththoseassumptions.VarietyinqualitativeinquiryLincolnandGuba(2000)identifyfive“alternativeinquiryparadigms”:positivism,post-positivism,criticaltheory,constructivism,andparticipatory.Schwandt(2000)discusses“threeepistemologicalstancesforqualitativeinquiry:interpretivism,hermeneutics,andsocialconstructionism”.Crotty(1998)offersthreeprimaryepistemologicalinfluences:objectivism,constructionism,andsubjectivism;these,hepositshaveinfluencesinvaryingdegreesdifferenttheoreticalperspectives:positivism(andpostpositivism),interpretivism(symbolicinteraction,phenmenology,hermeneutics),criticalinquiry,feminism,andpostmodernism.Creswell(1998)distinguishes“fivequalitativetraditionsofinquiry”:biography,phenomenology,groundedtheory,ethnography,andcasestudy.DistinguishthembyanswerstosixcorequestionsWhatdowebelieveaboutthenatureofreality?(ontological)Howdoweknow