世界发展银行-The-Globalization-of-Refugee-Flows_21页_482k

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper9206TheGlobalizationofRefugeeFlowsXavierDevictorQuy-ToanDoAndreiA.LevchenkoFragility,ConflictandViolenceGlobalTheme&DevelopmentEconomicsDevelopmentResearchGroupApril2020PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorized用户上传限个人学习使用百万免费报告天天更新手机商店搜索研报客app电脑网页版–2017andestablishesseveralstylizedfactsaboutrefu-geestodaycomparedwithpastdecades.(i)Refugeestodaytravellongerdistances.(ii)Refugeestodayarelesslikelytoseekprotectioninaneighboringcountry.(iii)Refugeestodayarelessgeographicallyconcentrated.And(iv)refugeestodayaremorelikelytoresideinahigh-incomeOECDcountry.Thefindingsbringnewevidencetothedebateonrefugeeburden-sharing.ThispaperisajointproductoftheFragility,ConflictandViolenceGlobalThemeandtheDevelopmentResearchGroup,DevelopmentEconomics.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsa[e-mail]eFlowsXavierDevictoryQuy-ToanDozAndreiA.LevchenkoxJELcodes:J15,F22,F55Keywords:refugees,forceddisplacement,burdensharingWearegratefultoAndyFoster,CaglarOzden,PhilipVerwimpandworkshopparticipantsattheResearchConferenceonForcedDisplacementinCopenhagenforhelpfulsuggestions,andtoChauHaiLeforsuperbresearchassistance.Thendings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreecttheviewsoftheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.yWorldBank:[e-mail]:[e-mail],CEPR,andNBER:[e-mail]1IntroductionBytheendof2018,theworldhadwitnesseditshighestrecordednumberofforciblydisplacedpeopleworldwideat70.8millionpersons,including25.9millionwhohadcrossedaborderandbecomerefugees.Whilethatnumberincludes3.5millionrefugeesfromolderconictsinAfghanistanandSomalia,itisalsomadeupofaround10.5millionforciblydisplacedpersonsfromtherecentcrisesintheSyrianArabRepublic,Myanmar,andSouthSudan.The1951ConventionRelatingtotheStatusofRefugees(complementedbythe1967Protocol)determinesthatrefugeestatusshallbegrantedtoanypersonwhondsherorhimselfdisplaced\owingtowell-foundedfearofbeingpersecutedforreasonsofrace,religion,nationality,membershipofaparticularsocialgrouporpoliticalopinion(Art.1.A.2.).Signatorystatescommittoprovidetreatment\nolessfavorablethannationalsofforeigncountriesinthesamecircumstanceswithrespecttoemployment(Art.17),housing(Art.21),education,andpublicrelief(Art.22and23).Mostimportantly,theConventionunderlinestheneedforsolidarityamongcountriesinsharingtheresponsibilityofhostingrefugees.Yet,thenon-refoulementclause(Art.33)impliesthatrstcountriesofcontactwithasylumseekersareoftenthosewhohavetoprovideprotection.Othersignatories,ontheotherhand,canvoluntarilydecideontheirinvolvementinresponsibility-sharing,potentiallyleadingtofree-riding(Suhrke1998,Bubb,KremerandLevine2011).ThiscreatesafundamentalimbalanceacrosscountriesUNMemberStates,withpoliticalandscalconstraintsofhostcountrieshavingbeenassociatedwithalackofadequateassistance(HathawayandNeve1997,Crisp2003)andanadditionalreasonforsettinguprefugeecamps(Smith2004).OnDecember17,2018,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyarmedtheGlobalCompactonRefugees(UNGeneralAssembly2018),aftertwoyearsofextensiveconsul-tationsledbytheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)withUNMemberStates,internationalorganizations,refugees,civilsociety,theprivatesector,andexperts.TheGlobalCompactonRefugeesaimstoprovideaframeworkformorepredictableandequitableresponsibility-sharingacrosscountries.Itopensbyhighlight-ingthat\thereisanurgentneedformoreequitablesharingoftheburdenandrespon-sibilityforhostingandsupportingtheworld'srefugees,whiletakingaccountofexisting2contributionsandthedieringcapacitiesandresourcesamongStates.Itformally\in-tendstoprovideabasisforpredictableandequitableburden-andresponsibility-sharingamongallUnitedNationsMemberStates,togetherwithotherrelevantstakeholdersasappropriate.Underpinningtheglobaldebateonresponsibility-sharingistheassump-tionthat\thegrantofasylummayplaceundulyheavyburdensoncertaincountries(UNGeneralAssembly2018),typicallycountriesneighboringaconictarea.Inthisperspective