美国大众媒体1-American-Mass-Media-1

AmericanMassMediaWhatdoes“massmedia”meantoyou?Doesitequalto“multimedia”?Mass:alargenumberMedia:refertotelevision,radio,newspapersandmagazinesandinternetMassmedia:amediumofcommunication-newspapers,radioortelevision-thatisdesignedtoreachthemassofthepeopleExamplesofMassMediaTVandradioprogrammesPress:allpublishednewspapers&magazines.FilmsAdsTheInternetNewsagenciesareresponsibleforspreadinginformationtonewspaperssonewsagenciescanalsobeclassifiedasanexampleofmedia.TheMediaTodayThemassmediaplayatremendousroleinshapingpublicopinionregardingcertainevents&thushelpingtoshapepublicpolicy1.Newspapers2.Magazines3.Radios4.Television5.InternetWereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapers,ornewspaperswithoutagovernment,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.-ThomasJefferson,1787芝加哥论坛报(TribuneCo.2nd)(TribuneCo.)Foundedin1851,boughtbyAdolphOchs,In1896GannettCompanyJosephPulitzerMigratedin1864FluentinGerman,FrenchandHungarian;PurchasedtheNewYorkWorldin1883,andbecamerich.In1890s,hadacirculationwarwithWilliamRandolphHearst,andhisnewspaperswereaccusedof“yellowjournalism”practices.Throughhiswill,heestablishedtheColumbiaUniversitySchoolofJournalism,andannualPulitzerPrizesforliterature,drama,musicandJournalism.Apejorative['pidʒə,retɪv]贬义的referencetojournalismthatfeaturesscandal-mongering,sensationalism,jingoismorotherunethicalorunprofessionalpracticesbynewsmediaorganizationsorindividualjournalists.Ingeneral,Americanmagazinescanbedividedintothreetypes:ConsumerMagazinesBusinessMagazinesAgricultureMagazinesConsumermagazinesmagazinessoldinnewsstandsorsubscribedtofamilies,likeReader'sDigest《读者文摘》Telegraphherald《电报导报》SportsIllustrated《体育画刊》BusinessMagazineBusinessmagazinesareaboutcertainenterprisesorindustries.ThenumberofthistypeofmagazineinAmericaisabout4000.Andthefollowingthreearefamousallovertheworld.1.Urbanmagazines(城市杂志)2.HouseMagazine（家庭杂志）3.Pornographicmagazines(色情杂志)4.Sportsmagazines（运动杂志）5.ManMagazine6.WomanMagazine7.YouthMagazine8.SoapoperaMagazine9.OpinionMagazine（舆论杂志）10.NewsMagazine11.HumorMagazine12.High-endMagazine(高级杂志)ThefirstweeklynewsmagazineOwnedbyTimeInc.Content“PersonoftheYear”TimeEurope,TimeAsia…Timegivesyoumorethanjustaweeklynewssummary.Timeprovidesinsightfulanalysisoftoday'simportantevents,revealingwhattheymeantoyouandyourfamily-frompolitics,toscientificbreakthroughs,tohumanachievement.Plus,Timehelpsyoukeepupwiththearts,businessandsociety.Publisheditsfirstissuein1888Theworld'sbest-knownmagazinesContainsarticlesaboutgeography,popularscience,history,culture,currentevents,andphotography.Honors&PrizesonMay,2007,NationalGeographicmagazinewontheAmericanSocietyofMagazineEditors'prestigiousGeneralExcellenceAwardintheovertwomillioncirculationcategoryThebestphotographyawardforthreeissuesofthemagazinein2006.Radiousedtobeaverypowerfulmediainpolitics1938-TwodaysbeforeHalloween,OrsonWellesbroadcastaradioplaybasedonH.G.Wells'sciencefictionclassicTheWaroftheWorlds.Manylistenerspanicked,believingthattheMartianinvasionofNewJerseywasreal.ThebiddingwarinHollywoodforWellsbeganthenextday.PublicRadioIn1998,thereare1,460publicradiostationsintheUnitedStates.PublicradiobroadcastingismostlybyNPRandPBS.CommercialRadioUntilthe1980s,mostcommercialradiostationswereaffiliatedtothelargenetworks,suchasCapitalCities/ABC,CBS,MutualNetwork,NBC,andothers.NBCsolditsradionetworkin1988.MutualwaspurchasedbyWestwoodOne.CapitalCities/ABC,latersoldtoDisney,reducedgraduallyitsradiooperations.SatelliteRadioCableradioInternetRadioVoiceofAmerica(VOA)istheofficialexternalradioandtelevisionbroadcastingserviceoftheUnitedStatesfederalgovernment.IntroductionsVOAprovidesawiderangeofprogrammingforbroadcastonradio,TVandtheInternetaroundtheworldinforty-sixlanguages,promotingapositiveviewoftheUnitedStates.Itsday-to-dayoperationsaresupportedbytheInternationalBroadcastingBureau(IBB).Let’slistentoapieceofnewsbroadcastafewdaysagobyVOAaboutElizabethTaylor…VOASpecialVOAStandard