词汇学2

Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.”EnglishLexicology(II)---------Wilkins-魏尔斯.英国著名语言学家EnglishLexicology(II)2Contents5.Word-FormationI:theMajorProcesses6.Word-FormationII:theMinorProcesses7.MotivationTobecontinuedChapter5Word-FormationI:TheMajorProcesses5.1GeneralRemarks5.2Prefixation5.3Suffixation5.4Conversion5.5CompoundingEnglishLexicology(II)45.1GeneralRemarksThethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)compositionorcompounding(27%)EnglishLexicology(II)55.2PrefixationThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfairClass-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollegeEnglishLexicology(II)65.2PrefixationTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:EnglishLexicology(II)75.2Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholicun-uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrestEnglishLexicology(II)8Negativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesun-not,theconverseofunwise,unhappy,unexpectednon-nonessential,nonsmoker,nonresistancedis-dislike,dishonest,disbelievein-incorrect,informal,infamousim-immature,impatient,imbalanceil-illegalir-irregularEnglishLexicology(II)95.2PrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAligned结盟的MatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmatureEnglishLexicology(II)105.2PrefixationNewmeaningofnon-nonbook:abookwhichhaslittleliteracyorfactualinformation无真实价值的书noncandidate:apersonwhohasnotannouncedorisunwillingtoannouncehiscandidacyofanoffice非实际候选人nonhero:antihero:aherowhosecharacterisoppositetotraditionalonenonperson:apersonregardedasnon-existent;受到排挤的人,微不足道的人unpersonEnglishLexicology(II)115.2Prefixation2)Reversative变反，反义orprivativede-defrost,deregulation,degeneration,deformed,denationalizeun-undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterestedEnglishLexicology(II)125.2PrefixationCentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPolluteDecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepolluteEnglishLexicology(II)135.2Prefixation3)Pejorative(降格、转贬义)prefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgivingmal-maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopmentpseudo-pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friendEnglishLexicology(II)145.2Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-outdo,outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatomEnglishLexicology(II)155.2PrefixationComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementcultureMinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubcultureEnglishLexicology(II)165.2Prefixation5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasureanti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslaveryEnglishLexicology(II)175.2Prefixation6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forename,forewordinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplanttele-telephone,telegram,telecommunicationEnglishLexicology(II)185.2PrefixationViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastPacificRacialShoreInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecast有线电视播放TranspacificTransracial不同种族间的Foreshore海滩,浅滩EnglishLexicology(II)195.2Prefixation7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convictfore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarnpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premaritalpost-post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoralEnglishLexicology(II)205.2Prefixation8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,