词汇学Chapter 5 Word-formation

Chapter5Word-formationinEnglish5.1.1IntroductionTheenlargementorexpansionofvocabularyisanaturalandcommonphenomenoninanylanguage;bytheadoptionofwordsfromotherlanguagesandbytheformationofnewwords.5.1.2*Morphologicalstructureofwordsword:aminimumfreeform,e.g.song,sing.morpheme:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords,e.g.songs,sings.5.1.3*Typesofmorphemesa)Twotypesofmorphemesbytheircharacter.i)freemorphemeCanoccurasseparatewords,orstandaloneasaword.E.g.nation,faith,win,one…ii)boundmorpheme(粘着语素)Cannotstandaloneaswords,ormustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,boundorfree.E.g.inter-nation-al,un-faith-ful…b)Twotypesofmorphemesbylexicalorgrammaticalrelationship.i)lexicalmorphemeUsedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords,blacksheep,blackhorse…oraffixes,re-,en-,-ship,ize,-ful,-ly…ii)grammaticalmorphemeExpressthegrammaticalrelationshipbetweenanditscontext.E.g.pluralform:waste-baskets,monitors…pastform:involved,eliminated…presentparticiple:running,shouting…5.1.4*Threetypesofwordsa)simplewordsConsistofonlyonefreeform,suchaslake,fall…b)compoundwordsContainmorethanonefreeform,suchaswatchdog,writingdesk,babysitter,duty-free..c)complexwordsWithonefreeformandoneormorethanoneboundform,suchashelplessness…5.1.5*Root,base,stema)root(词根)Thepartleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved;thebaseformofawordthatexpressesitsessentialandnever-changedmeaning;thefoundationofawordandcanbeN,Adj,V…e.g.unusefullyun-use-ful-lyuseinternationalnation?linguisticsling?MoreLatinandGreekrootsonP171-177b)base(词基)Twoexplanationsfortheterm‘base’.i)beequivalentto‘root’.ii)anypartofawordwhenanaffixisaddedtoarootorstem.e.g.happyunhappyunhappinessselfselfishselfishnessExcises:rapidRussiapianoactualc)Stem(词干)Astemisapartofaword,madeofarootorarootplusanotherpart.(focusontheoriginalform,andcaseetccanbeadded.)i)consistofonerootmorpheme.(=root)sour,sweet,bitter,hot…ii)consistoftworootmorphemes.(root)motherland,motorman,dragonfly…(compound)iii)consistofonerootmorphemeandderivationalaffix(es).(root)manly,unmanly,manliness…(complexword)5.2.1*Themainprocessesofword-formationa)affixationThemorphologicalprocesswherebygram-maticalorlexicalitemsareaddedtothebase.i)prefixationToputaprefixinfrontofabase;prefixasfollows.(1)negativeprefixes.*a-/an(beforevowels):lackof/+adj,N.amoral,asexual,asymmetry,anarchy…*dis-:not,theconverseof.(+adj,adv(open-class),n.v)dishonest(ly),disloyal,disuse,disambiguate…*in-:not,theconverseof.(+adj.n)incomplete,illiterate,irrational,imbalance…*non-:not.(adj,n,open-classadverb)(nonature)non-black,nonempty,nonbook,nonhero…*un-:not,theconverseof.(adj,participle(-ed/-ing),n.(oppositeway))(non)unscientific,unwise,unbook,unpeople…(2)Reversativeorprivativeprefixes.(逆向)*de-:reversingtheaction/deprivingof.(+verb)decentralize,defrost,decapitate,defraud…*dis-:reversingtheaction/lacking.(+v/adj)disconnect,disinfect,discolored,…*un-:reversingtheaction.(+v/n)undo,unpack,unhorse,unleash…(3)Pejorativeprefixes.*mal-:badly.(+v/-ed/-ing/adj./n)maltreat,malformed,malodorous,malnutrition*mis-:wronglyorastray.(+v/ed/ing/n)miscalculate,misbehaved,misleading…*pseudo-:falseorimitation.(n/adj.)pseudoscience,pseudoclassic…(4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize.*arch-:supreme,most(pejorativeeffect).(+n)archbishop,archenemy(Satan),archdove...*co-:joint,onequalfooting.(+n/v)coexistence,coeducation,combine(vowel)...*hyper-:extreme.(+adj/n/v)hyperactive,hypersensitive,hypermarket…*mini-:little.(n)minibike,miniskirt,minidress…*maxi-:large,long.maxicoat,maxiskirt…*out-:surpassing.outclass,outnumber,outgrow,outland…*over-:excessive.(+v/adj/ed/ing/n)overeat,overemphasize,overdressed…*sub-:below.subconscious,subcenter,subtext(副本)…*super-:morethan,ontop.(+n/adj/v)supernatural,superman,superfreeze…*sur-:overandabove.(+n/v)surcharge,surtax,surpass…*ultra-:extreme,beyond.ultraconservative,ultrasecret,ultrasonic…*under-:toolittle.(+v/ed/n)underestimate,undereducated,underpopulation(5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude*anti-:against.(+adj/n)antibacterial,antisocial,antineutron…*contra-:opposite,contrasting.*counter-:inoppositionto(thepreviousaction).counteract,counterattack,counterrevolution…*pro-:onthesideof.pro-European,pro-student,pro-Chinese…(6)Locativeprefixes.*fore-:frontpartof,front.forearm,forehead,foreleg…*inter-:between,among.intercontinental,interdisciplinary,intertwine…*sub-:under.subway,submerge,subsection,subhuman…*super:above.*trans-:across,fromoneplacetoanother.transatlantic,transpacific,transocean…(7)Prefixoftimeandorder*ex-:former.ex-husband,ex-minister,ex-girlfriend…*fore-:before.(+v/n)foresee,foretell,foretaste,forewarn…*post-:after.post-election,postgraduate,posttest…*pre-:before.(+adj./n)preliberation,pre-18thcentury,pre-school…*ante-:before.*re-:again.redial,rethink,renew,recheck…(8)Numberprefixes.*bi-/di-:two.bimonthly,biculturalism,dichotomy,dioxide…*multi/poly-:many.multimedia,multi-national,polygraph,polysemy*semi-/demi-/hemi-:half.semicircle,semifarming,demigod,hemisphere...*tri-:three.triangle,tricycle,trilateral,tricycle…*uni-/mono-:unicycle,uniform,uni