词汇学之6种构词法

英语词汇学课程构词法(I)GeneralintroductionAffixation(30%-40%)Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion(26%)ThemostproductivemethodsShortening(8%-10%)Blending1%-5%clippingacronymyBackformationSoundreduplication4.1Affixation/derivation•Affixationfallsintotwocategories:prefixationandsuffixationandthedifferencesbetweenthemarejustthedifferencesbetweenprefixesandsuffixes.ClassificationofprefixesThemajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.1.NegativePrefixes否定前缀2.Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀3.Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀5.Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀6.Locativeprefixes方位前缀7.Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀8.Numberprefixes数字前缀9.Conversionprefixes转化前缀10.Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀1.Negativeprefixes(1)wiseexpectedhappyun1.Negativeprefixes(2)essentialsmokerresistancenon1.Negativeprefixes(3)honestlikebelievedis1.Negativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesun-not,theconverseofunwisenon-nonessentialdis-dishonestin-informalim-immatureil-illegalir-irregular2.Reversativeprefixes(1)packwrapdodressun2.Reversativeprefixes(2)centralizemobilizeforestcodede2Reversativeprefixes(3)connectunioncolourheartendis2.Reversativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesun-reversingtheactionunpackde-decodedis-disconnect3.Pejorativeprefixes(1)hearconductleadmis3.Pejorativeprefixes(2)functionformedodorousmal3.Pejorativeprefixes(3)sciencedemocraticmemorypseudo3.Pejorativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscience4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(1)enemyliarbishoparch4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(2)mannaturalmarketcountrysuper4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(3)growrunliveweighout4.Prefixesofdegreeorsizeprefixesmeaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-morethansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-toolittleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirt5.Prefixesofattitude(1)existauthoroperateco5.Prefixesofattitude(2)actargumentexamplerevolutioncounter5.Prefixesofattitude(3)socialnationalclockwiseslaveryanti5.Prefixesofattitudeprefixesmeaningexamplesco-withcooperatecounter-againstcounterattackanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro-Chinese6.Locativeprefixes(1)soilwaycontractsub6.locativeprefixes(2)marryplaynationalinter6.locativeprefixes(3)Atlanticcontinentalplantsexualtrans6.locativeprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessub-undersubwayinter-between,amonginternationaltrans-across,fromoneplacetoanothertransplantfore-frontforename7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(1)tellseesightknowledgefore7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(2)schoolwarliberationconsiderpre7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(3)industrialgraduatewarpost7.Prefixesoftimeandorderprefixesmeaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-inadvancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againresell8.Numberprefixes(1)annualfeudalsemicyclespherehemi8.Numberprefixes(2)colorformcornuniculturetonemono8.Numberprefixes(3)enniallinguallateralbioxidelemmadi8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,demi-,hemi-halfsemi-feudal,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)-,tetra-fourquadrennial,tetrapetalous8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-,penta-fivequinquagenarian,pentagonhexa-,sex-sixhexahedron,sexcentenarysept-,hepta-sevenseptangle,heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineennead9.Conversionprefixes(1)stridetremblewashsleepa9.Conversionprefixes(2)calmlittlefriendbe•Beforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbs–befriend(tobehaveasafriendto)–becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)–benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝–belittle–becalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静)•Withnounsplus–edtoyieldadjectives–bespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)–Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的)9.Conversionprefixes(3)largerichdangerslaveenen-(embeforep,b,m)•Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.1.使成为2.使处于…状态•Beforenouns,–enslave(causetobe);–empower(v.授权）–embody(v.体现）–endanger(V.使处于危险之中)•Beforeadjectivestoformverbs–enable–enrich–enlarge–endear使受喜爱–ensure担保9.Conversionprefixesprefixesexamplesa-astridebe-becalmen-enlargeem-empower10.Miscellaneousprefixes(1)biographymobilesuggestauto10.Miscellaneousprefixes(2)classicismimpressionismnatalneo2.Suffixation•Question:•Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes?–Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.–PrefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisTypesofsuffixes•Nounsuffixes•Adjectivesuffixes•Verbsuffixes•AdverbssuffixesNounsuffixes•De-nominalnounsuffixes•De-verbalnounsuffixes•De-adjectivenounsuffixes•NounandadjectivesuffixesDe-nominalNounsuffixes(1)gamegangsongsterInvolvedinDe-nominalNounsuffixes(2)profitmountainauctioneerSkilledin；engagedinDe-nominalNounsuffixes(3)spoonhandmouthfulDe-verbalNounsuffixes(1)inh