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第六单元词义的关系2SenseRelations–Senserelationsarethemeaningrelationshipbetweenwordandwordinlexicalsystem,whichistheconceptmeaningofvocabulary.Senserelationshavevarietiesofrelations,mainlyincludingsynonymy,antonymy,polysemy,homonymy,hyponymy,taxonomy,partonomyandsoon.Anywordmaybeinmanyrelations,therefore,everywordcomposesofonemeaningnetworkinactually.Manysenserelationsrepresentthewordsinvocabulary’ssystemarenotanon-sequencegathering.3Typesofsenserelations◆Synonymy(同义关系)---semanticsimilarity◆Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semanticinclusion◆Antonymy(反义关系)---semanticopposition◆Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系）◆Polysemy（一词多义关系）◆Taxonomy（分类关系）◆Partonomy（部分整体关系）4Synonymy◆1.Definition◆2.Typesofsynonyms◆3.Sourcesofsynonyms◆4.Discriminationofsynonyms56.1.1Definition-Synonymysaredifferentphonologicalwordswhichhavethesameorverysimilarmeanings.e.g.end-terminate-close6.1.2Typesofsynonymsa)Perfect(absolute)synonyms•Partial(relative)synonyms6a)Perfect(absolute)synonymsPerfect(absolute)synonymsarewordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontextsothatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.Thiskindofsynonymsarerareandmaybefoundinspecialterminologysuchascompoundingandcompositioninlexicology,malnutritionandundernourishmentinmedicine7b)Partial(relative)synonymsPartial(relative)synonymssharethenearlysameorsimilarbasicmeaning,butstilldenotedifferencesinothermeanings,likeconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning,andusages.e.g.change–alter–varyAmanchangeshishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking86.1.3Sourcesofsynonyms◆a)Borrowing（loanedwords）◆b)DialectsandregionalEnglish◆c)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords◆d)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions9a)Borrowing.NativeForeignroomchamberfoeenemyhelpaidleavedepartwisesagebuypurchase10b)DialectsandregionalEnglish,e.g.railway(BrE)railroad(AmE)mother(BrE)munny(ScotE)charm(BrE)glamour(ScotE)ranch(AmE)run(AusE)job(StandE)gig(BlackE)jim(BlackE)maleperson(StandEc)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions,e.g.wingaintheupperhanddecidemakeupone’smindfinishgetthroughhesitatebeintwomindshelplendoneahand116.1.4DiscriminationofsynonymsGenerallyspeaking,thereisnodifferencebetweenabsolutesynonymswhereasrelativesynonymsalwaysdifferinonewayoranother.Thedifferencesbetweensynonymsboildowntothreeareas:denotation,connotation,andapplication.1)eg.panic/horror(Differenceinconnotation).126.2HyponymyHyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Itreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenthegenus(generallexicalitem)andthespecies(specificlexicalitems).–Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinate(上义词).–Thespecificwordsareknownashyponyms(下义词)orsubordinates.13LivingplantanimalBirdfishinsectanimalHumananimalTigerlionelephant…e.g.146.3Antonym◆DefinitionAntonymisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.Theyareavarietyof“oppositeness”.Theycanbeclassifiedintothefollowingmajorgroups.Typesofantonyms1)Complementaries绝对反义词2)Contraries两极反义词3)Conversives关系反义词4)Semanticincompatibles多项不相容词151)Complementaries绝对反义词–Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositeness.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem（相互反义）(non-gradable).eg.A.like:mortalimmortalmalefemaledeadaliveB.Prefixes:dis-,in-,il-,ir-,im-,un-……16Featuresofcomplementaries互补反义词的特点1）theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheotherorviceversa.它们互相完全对立，互相排斥，之间不允许有可能项。肯定一方就等于否定另一方，反之也一样。2)anotherdistinctivefeatureofthiscategoryisthatsuchantonymsarenongradable.这类反义词的另一个显著特征是这种反义词是非等级的。172)Contraries(两极反义词/相对反义词)–Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Thetwooppositesaregradable.e.g.A.poor/rich,good/badcold/hot,old/youngB.rich,veryrich,richer,richestAntonymsofthiskindarecharacteristicofsemanticpolarity.18FeaturesofContraries◆Antonymsofthiskindarecharacteristicofsemanticpolarity.Theseantonymsformpartofascaleofvaluesbetweentwopolesandcanaccommodateamiddlegroundbelongingneithertotheother.这种反义词的特点是语义二级性。这些反义词形成了处于两极之间的一支等值尺，并可以提供不属于两端的中间地带。193）Conversives(换位反义词/关系反义词)◆Thiskindantonymsconsistofrelationalopposites.eg.parentchild,husbandwifeemployeremployeeThepairsofwordsindicatesuchreciprocalsocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.204)Semanticincompatibles多项不相容词e.g.A.north,south,east,westB.spring,summer,autumn,winterC.January,February,March……DecemberD.Sunday,Monday,…SaturdayByantonyms,wecanmakecontrastandcomparison,expresstheoppositeofaparticularthought.Antonymsareusedtoformantithesistoachieveemphasis.Itlooksneatandpleasant,servesstylisticpurposeandsoundsrhythmic.21Useofantonyms◆fireandwater水火◆dineandwine吃吃喝喝◆Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.团结则存，分裂则亡◆soonerorlater迟早22Moreexercises:Findouttheantonyms1.Tobestone’sopponent,toworstone’sopponentagoodscare,abadscareagoodlicking,abadlickingaslimchance,afatchancevaluable,invaluableflammable,inflammableloosen,unloosen236.4Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系）◆Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbutidenticalbothinsoundandsp