形容词和副词2015届高考英语语法复习一、形容词的语法功能1.作定语前置定语:abeautifulpictureanhonestboy多个形容词作前置定语时的排列顺序:限定词+数量形容词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体形容词+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+用途+被修饰的名词theprettylittleoldestChinesestonebridgetenstrongblackplasticbags后置定语:少数以a开头的形容词(absent,alike,alive,available)及其他形容词(concerned,present)作定语时后置。HemadefulluseofEnglishreferencebooksavailableandlearnedalot.Peopleconcernedwillattendthemeeting.由and,or,both…and连接的并列形容词成对使用时。Everyone,oldoryoung,willtakepartintheactivities.形容词一般放在被修饰的名词前面作定语,但考生特别要注意形容词放在被修饰词后面的情况:(1)这些形容词,如:alive,afraid,awake,alone,asleep,worth等作定语时,常放于被修饰词的后面。Thebabystillasleepmightbeawakeverysoon.仍在睡着的那婴儿可能很快会醒。(2)形容词在修饰somebody,something,anybody,anything,nobody,nothing等不定代词时,需要后置。—Isthereanythingwrong,Bob?Youlooksad.——鲍勃,有什么不对吗?你看上去闷闷不乐的。—Oh,nothingmuch.Infact,Iwasjustthinkingofmyfriends.——噢,没什么,其实我只是在想念我的朋友。(3)形容词后面有介词短语时,必须放在名词后面。Heisastudentworthyofpraise.他是个值得表扬的学生。(4)形容词后面有动词不定式时,必须放在名词后面。Isn’titaproblemdifficulttosolve?这难道不是一个很难解决的问题吗?2.作表语Wearehungry.Helooksunhappy.注意:有的形容词一般只能作表语。如表示健康状况的:well,unwell,ill,faint以a开头的:afraid,alone,asleep,ashamed3.作宾语补足语Ithinkthebookinteresting.Hefoundtheworkdifficult.4.作状语形容词作状语,表示伴随或结果,并不表达动作的方式。(2008·北京高考)Afteralongjourney,thethreeofthemgotbackhome,hungryandtired.经过长时间旅行后,他们三人回到了家,又饿又累。Helayinbed,wideawake.Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.Funny,hepretendstoknowwhathedoesn’tknow.副词的种类1)时间副词:now,then,today,later,recently等;2)地点副词:here,there,everywhere,away,off等;3)方式副词:well,hard,happily,nervously,carefully等;4)程度副词:almost,much,(a)little,nearly,rather,too等;5)频度副词:always,often,usually,occasionally,sometimes,hardly,seldom,never等;6)疑问副词:when,where,why,how等,引导特殊疑问句;7)连接副词:where,when,why,how等,引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句;8)关系副词:when,where,why等,引导定语从句;9)其他副词:seriously,instead,besides等。二、副词的语法功能1.作定语AlmosteveryonehasacarinAmerica.Thebuildingtherelooksgrand.2.作表语Timeisup.IthoughtIwasover.3.作宾语补足语Iamveryhappytoseeyouback.Keepthelightonifyoufeelafraid.4.作状语It’srainingheavily.It’saratherinterestingjob.ThisisjustwhatIsaid.EventuallyhearrivedinBeijing.注意:1.有些副词有两种形式,一种与形容词同形,一种以ly结尾,但它们的含义不同。Thestationisquitenear.Helivesnear.It’snearly10o’clock.Thecakeishard.Weallworkhard.Icanhardlyunderstandyou.2.具有两种形式的副词highwidedeepclosehighlywidelydeeplyclosely副词的位置副词修饰形容词或其他副词时,一般位于被修饰词的前面,但enough要放在被修饰词的后面。AlthoughshedidnotknowBostonwell,shemadeherwayeasilyenoughtothepostoffice.虽然她对波士顿不熟,但她仍然很轻松地到了邮局。cannot/never与enough或too连用,表示“无论怎样都不过分;越……越好”。—Iwasridingaloneinthestreetandallofasudden,acarcutinandknockedmedown.——我在街上正独自骑行,突然一辆轿车插进来把我撞倒了。—Youcanneverbetoocarefulinthestreet.——在大街上你再小心也不为过。三、形容词和副词的比较等级(一)原级as+形容词/副词原级+asTomisastallasJack.HespeaksEnglishasfluentlyasyou.Mycomputerisnotso/asexpensiveasyours.注意:1.almost,exactly,just,quite,nearly,half等词可用来加强as…as结构的语气。Thisbookisjustasinterestingasthatone.2.几种变化形式:asmuch+不可数名词+asThereisasmuchwaterinthisbottleasinthatone.asmany+可数名词复数+asBobhasreadasmanybooksasMary.as+形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数+asGermanisasdifficultalanguageasChinese.as+形容词+不可数名词+asBreadisasimportantfoodasrice.“as+形容词+(a/an)+名词+as”表示同级比较,注意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisasmuchanartasitisascience.一般认为教学如同科学一样是一门艺术。(二)比较级形容词/副词比较级+thanJohnworksharderthanMary.Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.Thisbookisbetterthanthatone.注意:1.形容词、副词比较级的规则和不规则变化。2.much,still,even,far,byfar,alot,abit,agreatdeal等词可置于比较级前,加强语气。Couldyoudriveabitmoreslowly?3.以or结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接to不接than。如superior,inferior,senior,junior等。Heis4yearsseniortome.4.几种特殊结构(1)the+比较级,the+比较级“越……,越……”Thehigherheclimbs,thefartherhewillsee.(climb,see)ThemoreyouuseEnglish,themoreyouwillwanttolearnit.(use,want)(2)比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”Ourcountryisbecomingstrongerandstronger.Myschoolisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.(3)主语+比较级+thanany(other)…ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrica.ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.(4)倍数的表达倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+asThisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.倍数+形容词/副词比较级+thanThisroomistwicelargerthanthatone.倍数+thesize/length/weight/height/width/…+of…Thisroomisthreetimesthesizeofthatone.(三)最高级the+形容词/副词最高级+比较范围Heisthetallestboyinourclass.ThisisthemostbeautifulcityI’veevervisited.注意:1.形容词最高级前要加定冠词,副词最高级前可不加冠词。Sheworkshardestinourclass.2.形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词,或不加冠词,不表示比较,表示“非常”。Heisamostcleverpoliceman.Thisfilmismostinteresting.3.最高级可被序数词以及much,byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notquite等词语修饰。Heisbyfarthemostpopularsingerinourpub.4.not,never之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用,表示最高含义。Howbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.5.有些表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect,favorite等没有最高级,也不用比较级。注意比较等级结构的修饰语:修饰原级的词有very,so,too,quite,rather,fairly,pretty,this,that等。修饰比较级的词有alittle,abit,slightly,any,much,alot,agreatdeal,far,byfar,rather,even,still,yet等,还有倍数词、基数词、分数、百分数等。修饰最高级的词有byfar,much,almost等。Aftertwoyears’research,wenowhaveafarbetterunderstandingofthedisease.研究两年之后,现在我们对这种疾病有了更好的理解。比较等级和冠词:一般来说,比较级前不用冠词,形容词的最高级前要加定冠词,但副词的最高级前通常不用冠词。但是若表示“两者中较……的”时或者是“越……就越……”(the+比较级…,the+比较级…)这一句型时,则用定冠词。Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyou’llmake.你越仔细,犯的错误就越少。Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrother.那两个男孩中高点儿的是我弟弟。