搜索
27e 2dt M :Vol.27, No.2 2009R6$PROGRESSINASTRONOMYJun.,2009 G[ 1000-8349(2009)02-129-23Æ6. +03Py ’(,P++td u . ,P100875)YU z1998RTOS^J’8 i#[ZA z M n}SY {osp% p ibj\_ dt nQx k}\ i ?.U7!ps^ W J vLxDN\ 1998R ’8 ? F4BN ib h }1E DoA i#[ZA \ V ’vKVl o. Æ {o ltL9 } M V p9 # ib #[ZA M &V^E ) P159 GK 1 A1 l1929Qh(EdwinHubble) t R- ADZ [-KY i[ Y\b ADZ P’ ZK1[- 7vQ ℄I|L0EbZK1[- v=H0×d e^v YZ d R- H0 1 QP W hQP E℄;m; h h 77 h;-A Y EbY;wb p’ g&Y y208 20Qv O h-Y~y kawR Y ![_2 ℄ [ I Ma‘ = % f h^V $℄o6 h Y ;*Z #1998Q Id SNR~ (HZT:HighRedshiftSupernovaSearchTeamoSCP:SupernovaCosmologyProject) ℄I i[=f :: zn hAy-Y #s -ZY r a LÆ y;|4 hZY $℄X1 Ew&7/ ka )W 1998Q s ka&7Pw LÆ n-7 3 $℄- h^ag Æ1 C Tg ‘ = % =8 2008-06-04 R=8 2008-09-17!%M4 e!{ ldÆGe BE(10533010) 130 s b L 9 27e -wIJi $℄ h^ $℄5 f h r ~ h g o y fj! LÆ ws℄ Az E3 LÆ5 ($℄LÆ5 LÆ5 Po)f v h rjZ el h|Rm$℄k} .g ~ LÆk} . r- r+7 P| , Q^ $℄ LÆ5 k} yE|X g 7- h y1 LÆ jZaf ji[ LÆ 0℄KZ;zn hai[ wAs & ha w2℄Ika g 208 20Qva ^vhI L j;;p’hI L &8 NwvEQ jx !Wo R 0oPa pn } r2 3 h Æ1 e;2003Q 2006Qo2008Q lSB $F JD ZhIi(WMAP) ℄I=f ~ T P|fr(SDSS) =f b7 Q Lbr!P haHP IÆ=f a0 g zv ha 9u=U——r+7+*?+ΛCDM=U =UÆ 7- h^ X1&u 73% LÆ 23% $℄(ks; $℄) 4% x$℄ ~ Æ _xo^ x e^ O LÆo $℄;7- h ks 1 E;zv h℄ILb s b =f =UÆ - h 0 r+7h5P| hn-wI ZY9 *?9 9 A^ 0 hn- JbAg&Zs 2 |y h=VXX bx 9u ha=U[1] wIsnk( D 0$#)℄; ha h-r℄ ;g&JDzZ :: h^$℄oLÆ 1B;wr / wg;jJ ha X wIs %; h!^P SFO Ew %u/W FO h^/ rw ;jJ a Z ;^ FO wb-6UM; wI℄IDa℄I~ r℄ =V|C o- h^ reb -a℄I~ wr LX8Mg&JDzZ$℄1B ℄;Friedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW) a ds2=dt2−a2(t)hdr21−kr2+r2(dθ2+sin2θdφ2)i,(1)e^ (r,θ,φ);Z -D℄℄ ^o 9 6U 9 T- hY C_. 0w℄ p’ 9 ;A7 t;.’ 9 =z w℄ VU.‘ . k {# x k=0,+1,−1f ^R 2s h/ p’ r=V a(t);.’ jP/W 9 x(ScaleFactor) zn S a(t=t0)=a0=1 ha;i[ h=V en ak #6(1)V;S: h .p=V AL b h n 8M h a \s Tg O-Zyf .p -T -zn 9u ha=U^ TgO-Z;u haQP X6 Rμν−12gμν≡Gμν=8πGTμν+Λgμν,(2)e^ Rμν;RicciÆ R;{#9Æ Λ; haQP Tμν;f h a L Æ Tμν=XiTiμν, 2dV % M &V131 e^ Tiμν;Az XX1 L Æ 6$℄ x $℄ $# h^g&JDzZ D℄ ? o G.-FRW a2 L Æ m:7 Tiμν=diag(ρi(t),−pi(t),−pi(t),−pi(t)),(3)e^ ρi pi1;;JI XX1(6 x $℄ ) LÆ5 ogq 3 ;.’ jP D [- p=wρ.(4)w o se-Z # h^ J 1 mOXz ? o j ay $℄ w=0 6 w=1/3 FpL w=−1 1FRW a6 TgO-Z D℄ L Æ-Z sy m ~O-Z . .1Æ-Z ¨aa=−4πG3(ρ+3p)+Λ3,(5)~ p p1Æ-Z Friedmann-Z H2=˙aa2=8πG3ρ−ka2+Λ3.(6)e^ H=˙a/a W hHP -Hr SH0℄;hQP J 1 L Æ+ LÆGx-ZTνμ;ν m~ ~ 1-Z ˙ρ=−3H(ρ+p),(7)6mW h a LÆGx-Z D _Z-Z Xj 6(4)∼(7)VXw gO a-Z 3m~b h ℄ xa(t)~ 5 ρogqp^.’ 7 2 N ?W2.1 5-$1998Q ka- IaUSNR(I h YZ .&73 1 y s E vEISNR 31 y9u $℄=Ua k s! u℄;S hAg y9u $℄=U k *ZYse #;g ZY se E wbmL = G℄; h^n-Bb&4 ÆS# h^ $℄ v h ZY ka1Eb O ÆW LÆ j)x S LÆ℄;wb O g hZY [ ;[ LÆ m =hH S℄; hZY m = y1998Q 3&7 h ZY~y[2,3] LÆwR; hai[^ mPw O QO! ℄I=f( IaUSNR CMB~ r℄ =V ℄IPa)[4] Kw 132 s b L 9 27e CL0 LÆ n- hZY &7a b LÆ m AJ7v ~ h Æ1 A D| $ akbw= LÆ n-f [ h Q YZ e XX1 w- m RI% Hr!P r ao$ a 8I ErwI90 LÆa 7- h LÆ5 2/3 f h y (gv_ t j LÆ mm~S;Cn ha^ s i[omPw -Ai haQP ws2 8M hY ℄ xa(t) h$℄LÆ5 ρogqpP’n-~2[- ¨aa=−4πG3(ρ+3p).(8)mEI6xm~ib LÆ3℄b Xr ; X s+ ρ+3p0( LÆ se-Zs+ w=p/ρ−1/3) FL4 hZY ygCn ℄Im~ LÆ zb ~2jH (1) LÆA&uA)C_x (2)b =zr ;g (3)-p’ 1B ~;g& X -R-~ ℄ *ÆK A ‘XXm℄I m1; =V 2.2 5-2O (Cn LÆn- 5|RA,; [- m i[gPa =Q LÆ(X ~X LÆ g H ) ;n- LÆ $ 0℄;/. LÆ LÆ5 ;A7 ;^v.’n E ~;Cna i[ LÆ [P m Cn / R8℄I~ LÆ [ LÆ 0℄uw!aO j=s℄IPa0 s LÆ %=U;0Q3s -&7 LÆPn CDM=U;GI. 9u ha=U -=U^EinsteinO-Z X6 Rμν−12gμνR≡Gμν=8πGTμν.(9)e^ -Z 5; rE1 5;$℄E1 #y1998Q ISNRG ℄I~ |yWMAP SDSS ℄I ::0 -ay$℄X1 f ha=U r ℄IA=8s j℄ { ha=U K Z Dj! ;5n-0o / i~g N $℄X1 Cn= hZY ks % -Jo m~1 r~ w~;m-Z 5b& u℄;[ TgO-Z rE1 -Bb S℄;[ Tg % &uBrans-Dicke % f(R) % 8B T(braneworldscenario) %~;m-Z 5b& u℄;[ TgO-Z $℄E1 h-ZY #yQ $℄ ;4 h*ZY G.y syn- LÆ5 1Æ ykR hZY - Æ^ $℄1Æ——1Æ 0jH;g& 1B- hp’^ b ; gq &u haQP=U 9ÆO=U 3ÆO=Uo + LÆ=U [-Z rE1 % TgO-Z m ~2{wX6y:7 Gμν+Gdarkμν=8πGTμν.(10) 2dV % M &V133 z [$℄E1 % TgO-Zum:7X~2{wX6 Gμν=8πG(Tμν+Tdarkμν).(11)Cn[ hZY =d ~ k~ r~ eb =- j! hAg&Z hZY 2.3Q V,*/ 2O fzn hZY m ΛCDM~ Jb a9ÆO=U ;- Tg r&2 i[ LÆEb OX1 Z℄ # f LÆ m !b}X e^wbV;-r℄ [ % #!\ LÆEwNX1yf hZY m ‘ = %- h℄ ;5 J E ;wIS Vj m 37-V-dq-℄ Q (o ‘ = % K Z #- h℄ ‘ = % K Z wKwC i[ 3 {‘ = %- h℄ ;5 H / (og u^ hZYK; %- h℄ [ La ~2D [O-Z rE1 [ % bks=U 2.3.1hibd8B %;zvEL$ o ha^ s ℄SPw 8B(braneworld)EwASm~kRwb[ 0r& -8B |T^ 8BAV;W #;b p’ Az 5%^IY 8B^ m~vr h;EIE 8B(bulk)^ (3-brane) x$ 9u=U 0 xg - #V m~-JIE 8B^i= m~ L ~ = - ~ [ 0 -;ADD8B[5,6] RS[7,8]8B~ DGP8B[9] -f! 8B=U^ DGP=U;wb&iyZ =U[10] m~1zn hZY= -r℄ i=.wE1X~E p’aY DGP=U Dvali kb[11] =UA ~a- h p -wI5 Mink